Организация деятельности судебно-экспертного учреждения «Испытательная пожарная лаборатория федеральной противопожарной службы при ра

Административная ответственность - одна из форм юридической ответственности граждан и должностных лиц за совершение ими административных правонарушений. Это государственная принудительная "ответная мера" за совершение проступка, применение в установленном порядке санкций, норм административного права, сопровождаемое государственным и общественным осуждением и порицанием личности правонарушителя и его противоправного действия.

Административное правонарушение (проступок) обладает четырьмя признаками:

•          общественной опасностью;

•          противоправностью;

•          виновностью;

•          наказуемостью.

От преступления, административное правонарушение отличается меньшей степенью общественной опасности.

Общественная опасность административного правонарушения выражается в посягательстве, в причинении или в создании реальной возможности причинения вреда общественным отношениям, охраняемым административным законодательством.

Противоправность административного правонарушения означает, что проступком признается только такое деяние (действие или бездействие), которое запрещается законодательством.

Виновность означает, что правонарушителем совершено виновное умышленное или неосторожное деяние.

Вина - это психическое отношение правонарушителя к совершённому противоправному действию или бездействию в форме умысла или неосторожности. Проступок признаётся совершённым умышленно, если лицо, его совершившее, осознавало противоправный характер своего действия или бездействия, предвидело его вредные последствия, или сознательно допускало наступление этих последствий.

Совершение проступка по неосторожности имеет место, если лицо, его совершившее, предвидело возможность наступления вредных последствий своего действия, либо бездействия, но легкомысленно рассчитывало на их предотвращение, либо не предвидело возможности наступления таких последствий, хотя должно было и могло их предвидеть.

Вина является главным признаком правонарушения. При этом вина и её формы (умысел или неосторожность) оказывает решающее влияние на оценку поведения правонарушителя и определение меры его ответственности перед законом.

Для признания деяния административным правонарушением необходима объективно существующая причинная связь между конкретным противоправным деянием и наступившими в результате его совершения общественно опасными последствиями.

Обязательным фактором для признания деяния административным правонарушением является дееспособность лица, совершившего противоправный проступок.

Наказуемость заключается в том, что только деяние может быть признано правонарушением, за которое в законодательстве установлена административная ответственность.

Указанные признаки административного правонарушения образуют юридический состав - единственное основание административной ответственности и применения административного взыскания. Состав административного правонарушения характеризуют четыре элемента:

•          объект;

•          объективная сторона;

•          субъект;

•          субъективная сторона.

Объектом административного правонарушения являются общественные отношения (общий объект), урегулированные нормы права, в качестве объекта административного правонарушения выступают: государственный и общественный порядок; собственность; права и свободы граждан; установленный порядок управления.

Объектом нарушения или невыполнения правил пожарной безопасности является пожарная безопасность — составная часть общественной безопасности. Объект административного правонарушения в сфере обеспечения пожарной безопасности выступает как совокупность общественных отношений, охраняемых противопожарными правилами, нормами, стандартами и направленных на обеспечение государственных мер борьбы с пожарами, нарушение или невыполнение утверждённых правил, норм и стандартов, направленных на предотвращение пожаров, обеспечение безопасности людей в случае возникновения пожара, а также объектов и населённых пунктов средствами противопожарной защиты и пожарной техникой, и другими нормами и правилами пожарной безопасности, является противоправным деянием, которое создаёт условия, способствующие возникновению пожара, и тем самым, ставят под угрозу здоровье и жизнь граждан, создаёт возможность причинения вреда государственной и общественной (частной) собственности, а также нарушение нормального функционирования различных объектов производственного, культурного и бытового назначения.

Объективная сторона административного правонарушения характеризует его как противоправный акт поведения правонарушителя, выражающийся в действии или бездействии, объективная сторона правонарушения характеризует конкретное деяние, его антиобщественную направленность, противоправность, последствия и причинную связь между совершённым деянием и наступившем результатом.

Объективная сторона правонарушения заключается в нарушении или невыполнении должностным лицом или гражданином правил, норм и стандартов пожарной безопасности, противоправное деяние виновного лица не связывается законодателем, с обязательным наступлением вредных последствий, для привлечения к административной ответственности достаточно самого факта нарушения или невыполнения правил пожарной безопасности, так как административное правонарушение в рассматриваемой сфере считается оконченным с момента совершения противоправных действий.

Субъектом административного правонарушения могут быть граждане, достигшие к моменту совершения правонарушения 16-ти летнего возраста и вменяемые  (общий субъект),  специальными субъектами административного правонарушения являются должностные лица, прибывшие в Российскую Федерацию иностранные граждане, не пользующиеся дипломатическим иммунитетом, и лица без гражданства, особыми субъектами административного правонарушения признаются военнослужащие, призванные на сборы военнообязанные, а также лица рядового и начальствующего состава органов внутренних дел, несущие за совершение административного правонарушения ответственность в дисциплинарном порядке.

При установлении административной ответственности за нарушение или не выполнение правил пожарной безопасности выделяются три категории субъектов:

граждане (в качестве общего субъекта), нарушившие или не выполнившие правила пожарной безопасности в установленных местах, не зависимо от их служебного положения и от того, нарушены ли эти правила в период исполнения ими служебных обязанностей или в другое время;

должностные лица (в качестве специального субъекта, для которого установлена повышенная административная ответственность), непосредственно отвечающие за обеспечение выполнения правил, норм и стандартов в области пожарной безопасности вверенном им участке работы, действия должностных лиц противоправны и влекут административную ответственность, во-первых, при нарушении своими собственными действиями установленных правил; во-вторых, при даче подчинённым указаний, идущих в разрез с требованиями этих правил; в-третьих, за непринятие мер по обеспечению соблюдения правил подчинёнными им лицами, если обеспечение соблюдения этих правил входит в круг служебных обязанностей конкретного должностного лица.

В административном законодательстве под должностным лицом следует понимать лицо, постоянно, временно или в соответствии со специальными полномочиями осуществляющее  функции представителя

власти, то есть наделённое в установленном законом порядке распорядительными полномочиями в отношении лиц, не находящихся в служебной зависимости от него, а равно лицо, выполняющее организационно-распорядительные или административно-хозяйственные функции в государственных органах, органах местного самоуправления, государственных и муниципальных организациях, а так же в Вооружённых Силах РФ, других войсках и воинских формированиях РФ. Совершившие административные правонарушения в связи с выполнением организационно-распорядительных или административно-хозяйственных функций руководители и другие работники иных организаций, а также лица, предпринимательскую деятельность без образования юридического лица несут административную ответственность как должностные лица, если законом не установлено иное.

Юридические лица подлежат административной ответственности за совершение административных правонарушений в случаях, предусмотренных статьями особенной части КоАП РФ или законами субъектов РФ об административных правонарушениях.

Под юридическим лицом понимается организация, которая имеет в собственности, хозяйственном ведении или оперативном управлении обособленное имущество, отвечает по своим обязательствам этим имуществом, может от своего имени приобретать и осуществлять имущественные и личные неимущественные права, нести обязанности, быть истцом и ответчиком в суде. Юридическими лицами могут быть как коммерческие, так и не коммерческие организации. Юридические лица подлежат обязательной регистрации.

Правовой статус юридических лиц регламентирован многочисленными федеральными законами. При применении мер административной ответственности следует учитывать положения этих законов, поскольку они определяют специфику статуса отдельных видов юридических лиц.

Субъективная сторона административного правонарушения включает вину нарушителя, мотивы, которыми руководствовался правонарушитель, цели, которые он преследовал.

При наличии перечисленных выше элементов может наступить административная ответственность.

Основными задачами производства по делам об административных правонарушениях являются: своевременное, всестороннее, полное и объективное выяснение обстоятельств каждого дела, разрешения его в точном соответствии с законодательством, обеспечение исполнения вынесенного постановления, а также выявление причин и условий, способствующих совершению административных правонарушений, предупреждение правонарушений, воспитания граждан в духе соблюдения законов, укрепления законности.

1.2.           Должностные лица, уполномоченные рассматривать дела об административных правонарушениях в области пожарной безопасности.

Дела об административных правонарушениях в предусмотренных КоАП РФ рассматриваются в пределах компетенции, установленной главой 23 настоящего Кодекса:

1)     судьями (мировыми судьями);

2)     комиссиями по делам несовершеннолетних и защите их прав.

3)     федеральными органами исполнительной власти, их учреждениями, структурными подразделениями и территориальными органами, уполномоченными на то исходя из задач и функций , возложенных на них федеральными законами либо нормативными актами Президента Российской Федерации или Правительства Российской Федерации (ч.1 ст.22.1)

К органам осуществляющим государственный пожарный надзор, рассматривающим дела об административных правонарушения, предусмотренных статьями 8.32, 11.16, 20.4 КоАП и вправе назначать административные наказания от имени органов ГПН относятся:

1)  главный государственный инспектор РФ по пожарному надзору, его заместители;

2) главные государственные инспектора субъектов РФ по пожарному надзору, их заместители;

3) главные государственные инспектора городов (районов) субъектов РФ по пожарному надзору, их заместители;

4)   государственные инспектора РФ по пожарному надзору;

5) государственные инспектора субъектов РФ по пожарному надзору;

6) государственные инспектора городов (районов) субъектов РФ по пожарному надзору;

Должностные лица указанные в пунктах 5, 6 вправе рассматривать дела об административных правонарушениях, совершенными гражданами и должностными лицами (ст. 23.34).

Прокуроры вправе составлять протоколы о любом административном правонарушении (ст. 28.4 КоАП РФ).

При осуществлении надзора за соблюдением Конституции Российской Федерации и исполнением законов, действующих на территории Российской Федерации прокуроры в праве возбуждать дела                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             о любом административном правонарушении, вынося постановление о возбуждении дела об административном правонарушении.