ДЦП (гиперкинез)

Автор: Пользователь скрыл имя, 18 Декабря 2012 в 17:41, реферат

Краткое описание

В XX в. предлагались различные классификации гиперкинезов. Так, Н.К. Боголепов в 1953 г. дифференцировал их на локальные и генерализованные, ритмические и неритмические. Существуют попытки разделять гиперкинезы по локализации их морфологического субстрата. С. Хунт и О. Фогт (1918) считали причиной гиперкинезов нарушение функции стриатума и в связи с этим функциональную растормо-женность структур паллидума.

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|                                  |                                   |                            |                                        |                         |                                            | проксимальных     | напоминают           |                       |                                |                                 |                         |

|                                  |                                   |                            |                                        |                         |                                            | отделах верхних   | произвольные        |                       |                                |                                 |                         |

|                                  |                                   |                            |                                        |                         |                                            | конечностей          |                              |                       |                                |                                 |                         |

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| Торсионная               | Наследование по        | Скорлупа,            | Поражение                      | 4—15 лет         | В случаях раннего (до 15     | Наблюдается        | Медленные            | Неритмичен    | Наблюдается в       | Выраженный лордоз | Мышечная        |

| дистония                   | аутосомно-                 | хвостатое ядро,   | специфических               | (рецессивный   | лет) начала (с нижних          | преимущественно  | вращательные,      |                       | покое, усиливается | (при переразгибании | дистония          |

|                                  | рецессивному или      | таламус,              | моноаминосодержащих   | тип                   | конечностей) —                   | в мышцах              | вычурные              |                       | при движении          | позвоночника),         |                         |

|                                  | аутосомно-                 | бледный шар,      | нейрональных систем     | наследования), | прогрессирующее с             | туловища, рук,      | движения (иногда  |                       | (ходьбе), эмоциях   | «верблюжья»           |                         |

|                                  | доминантному типу,   | черная                 |                                        | до 40 лет          | генерализацией, при более  | участвуют             | штопорообразные)  |                      |                                | походка                   |                         |

|                                  | симптоматическая      | субстанция          |                                        | (доминантный   | позднем начале (с мышц     | мышцы-                 | с задержкой и        |                       |                                |                                 |                         |

|                                  | торсионная дистония  |                            |                                        | тип                   | головы и туловища) —         | синергисты и         | фиксацией поз       |                       |                                |                                 |                         |

|                                  | при дегенеративных,  |                            |                                        | наследования)  | более медленное                 | мышцы-                 |                              |                       |                                |                                 |                         |

|                                  | сосудистых,               |                            |                                        |                         |                                            | антагонисты          |                              |                       |                                |                                 |                         |

|                                  | инфекционных            |                            |                                        |                         |                                            |                              |                              |                       |                                |                                 |                         |

|                                  | заболеваниях ц.н.с.,   |                            |                                        |                         |                                            |                              |                              |                       |                                |                                 |                         |

|                                  | интоксикациях            |                            |                                        |                         |                                            |                              |                              |                       |                                |                                 |                         |

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| Хорея                        | Атеросклероз             | Базальные           | Не установлены              | 60 лет и            | Прогрессирующее               | Мышцы туловища, | Быстрые,               | Неритмичен    | Наблюдается в       | Менее грубое (чем   | Снижен или      |

| атеросклеротическая | сосудов головного      | ганглии,               |                                        | старше             |                                            | конечностей,         | нестереотипные,    |                       | покое, исчезает во  | при хорее                 | мышечная        |

|                                  | мозга                         | внутренняя          |                                        |                         |                                            | лица, участвуют    | размашистые;        |                       | сне, усиливается    | Гевтингтона)            | дистония          |

|                                  |                                   | капсула, кора       |                                        |                         |                                            | мышцы-                 | больные                 |                       | при волнении          | снижение                 |                         |

|                                  |                                   | больших              |                                        |                         |                                            | антагонисты и       | гримасничают,       |                       |                                | интеллекта,              |                         |

|                                  |                                   | полушарий           |                                        |                         |                                            | мышцы-                 | жестикулируют      |                       |                                | признаки                  |                         |

|                                  |                                   | головного мозга   |                                        |                         |                                            | синергисты            |                              |                       |                                | атеросклероза          |                         |

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| Хорея Гентингтона    | Наследование по        | Хвостатое ядро,  | Уменьшение уровня        | Чаще в             | Неуклонно                           | Мышцы тела,         | Быстрые,               | Неритмичен    | Наблюдается в       | Сопутствующая       | Снижен или      |

|                                  | аутосомно-                 | скорлупа              | дофамина в хвостатом   | возрасте 30—   | прогрессирующее, средняя | конечностей,         | неожиданные,        |                       | покое, исчезает во  | деменция; при          | мышечная        |

|                                  | доминантному типу с  | (поражение          | ядре, снижение               | 50 лет              | продолжительность жизни   | лица, участвуют    | нестереотипные,    |                       | сне, усиливается    | позднем начале       | дистония          |

|                                  | полной                       | шиповидных        | плотности ГАМК-             |                         | после начала заболевания   | мышцы-                 | размашистые, без  |                       | при волнении,         | деменция                 |                         |

|                                  | пенетрантностью        | нейронов), кора    | эргических рецепторов    |                         | — приблизительно 15 лет;   | антагонисты и       | напряжения;          |                       | движениях              | развивается редко   |                         |

|                                  | патологического гена  | больших              |                                        |                         | при позднем начале (60—    | мышцы-                 | больные                 |                       | (ходьбе), возможно |                                 |                         |

|                                  |                                   | полушарий           |                                        |                         | 80 лет) — медленно             | синергисты            | гримасничают,       |                       | временное              |                                 |                         |

|                                  |                                   | головного мозга   |                                        |                         | прогрессирующее                |                              | жестикулируют,     |                       | произвольное          |                                 |                         |

|                                  |                                   | и мозжечка          |                                        |                         |                                            |                              | «пританцовывают» |                       | подавление             |                                 |                         |

|                                  |                                   |                            |                                        |                         |                                            |                              | при ходьбе            |                       | гиперкинезов           |                                 |                         |

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