Usage of it in the process of translation

Electronic dictionary - it is usually a computer database containing specially encoded entries that allow a quick search for words and phrases. Search words by considering morphological combinations (examples of use), as well as with the ability to change the direction of translation (for example, English-Russian or Russian-English).The main difference from EC SMP is that ES provides the full range of interpreter listed in its database the values ​​of the search word or phrase, leaving the choice of the most suitable option for the person while the SMP is self-selection of options from the database based on the in-built algorithms .ABBYY Lingvo - family of electronic dictionaries. Created by the Russian company ABBYY. August 13, 2008 The new version of x3 (three X volume of entries is more than 8.7 million units.[13.244]

Lingvo translated from Esperanto means "language" of which there are articles in dictionaries ABBYY Lingvo (LingvoUniversal and LingvoComputer).Multilingual version covers 12 languages ​​- Armenian, Russian, Ukrainian, English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Turkish, Latin, Chinese, Portuguese. There is also a European version - 130 dictionaries in 7 languages ​​and English-Russian-English electronic dictionary.

In ABBYY Lingvo no full-text translation, but is likely to word translation of texts from the clipboard. In some dictionaries in English, German and French, most of the words voiced by native speakers - speakers.

The program includes a training module Lingvo Tutor, learn new words.

Apart from the existing 150 professional dictionaries result lexicographical work ABBYY employees and reputable paper and electronic dictionaries has an extensive base of free user dictionaries for the program. Reading pre-tested and are in the public on the website of the Association of lexicographers Lingvo.

ABBYY Lingvo x3 Multilingual version specialized dictionaries for translation from Russian into English, Spanish, Italian, Chinese, Latin, German, Portuguese, Turkish, Ukrainian, Spanish and back.• Mobile multilingual dictionary ABBYY Lingvo x3 - dictionary for smartphones and PDAs, comprising 38 modern full dictionaries for 8 languages. []

Besides the already described above of software that are used to an interpreter, as there are special IR, allowing search translation online, without the need to download and install any software.IR can also be divided into two types, dictionaries and similar in principle online database and machine translators.

The most famous online dictionary can rightly recognize the online version of ABBYY Lingvo. Apart from the already familiar word translation and provide entries site offers a range of additional features:

• FineReader Online - is a convenient online OCR service that recognizes your images, PDF-files or photos, documents and converts them to the correct format - Microsoft Word, Excel, TXT, RTF or Searchable PDF• Translation - development company representatives ABBYY Lingvo, which allows the customer to optimize costs. Type of translation and its value is determined purpose of the document, subject area, volume, and duration of the project• Individual training on the phone (or on the Internet - via Skype)• Online version of ABBYY Aligner for aligning parallel texts and creating Translation Memory databases• The service "Text translation" - a teleconference in which only you and your interlocutor involved remote interpreter Additionally, you can draw attention to a resource like Urban Dictionary. This online database has been created to explore users with an ever-changing and rapidly renewing sphere English slang, phrases, a figurative meaning, conversational turns.

This resource allows users to make a new database of speech and expression, to complement the existing definition. Each article in addition to explanations of expression provides examples of its use, taken from the popular texts, songs, movies. The site also contains sections on "Word of the Day" and "Word of the Year", which are selected by a vote of users of the most popular words and phrases of the day and year, respectively.

As for the online translators, it is sufficient to note that the majority of MRE programs have online versions, including PROMT. They offer the same feature set as their software "brothers."

 

 

 

 

1.3 Electronic dictionaries and their definition

 

An electronic dictionary is either a small handheld computer with integrated reference materials, or a PDA or a smartphone with a dictionary program.

Electronic dictionaries are also programs that can be downloaded from the Internet or purchased on a CD-ROM or DVD and installed on a desktop computer

or on a lap top. Other electronic dictionaries can be searched and consulted online on the Internet. The computer-installed dictionaries can often be consulted directly from within any application that uses editable text. The term may be used in a broader sense to refer to the features of a machine-readable dictionary or spell checker.

Some electronic dictionaries contain only a single language (monolingual), but others are bilingual dictionaries and translation dictionaries and may also include, medical or legal dictionaries, thesauri, travel dictionaries, dictionaries of idioms and colloquialisms, a guide to pronunciation, a grammar reference, common phrases and collocations, and a dictionary of foreign loan words.

Electronic dictionary databases, especially those included with software dictionaries are usually extensive and can contain up to 500,000 headwords and definitions, verb conjugation tables, and a grammar reference section. Bilingual electronic dictionaries and monolingual dictionaries of inflected languages often include an inter-active verb conjugator, and are capable of word stemming and lemmatization.

        Manufacturers and developers of electronic dictionaries may offer native content from their own lexicographers, licenced data from print publications, or both, as in the case of Babylon offering premium content from Merriam Webster,and Ultralingua offering additional premium content from Collins, Masson, and Simon & Schuster, and Paragon Software offering original content from Duden, Britannica, Harrap, Merriam-Webster and Oxford.

Hand held electronic dictionaries resemble miniature clamshell laptop computers, complete with full keyboards and LCD screens. Because they are intended to be fully portable, the dictionaries are battery-powered and made with durable casing material.

Some of the features of both hand held dictionaries and software dictionaries include stroke order animations, voice output, handwriting recognition for Kanji and Kana, language-learning programs, a calculator, PDA-like organizer functions, encyclopedias, and time zone and currency converters, and crossword puzzle solvers. Dictionaries that contain data for several languages may have a "jump" or "skip-search" feature that allows users to move between the dictionaries when looking up words, and a reverse translation action that allows further looking up of words displayed in the results.

As well as for Roman script, electronic dictionaries are also available for non Roman, logographic, and right-to-left scripts, including (but not limited to) Arabic, Persian, Chinese(Simple/Difficult/Original), Devanagari, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Russian Cyrillic, Thai and Viet Nam.

Dictionary software generally far exceeds the scope of the hand held dictionaries. Many publishers of traditional printed dictionaries such as Langenscheidt, Collins-Reverso, OED - Oxford English Dictionary, Duden, American Heritage, and Hachette, offer their resources for use on desk top and lap top computers. These programs can either be downloaded or purchased on CD-ROM and installed. Other dictionary software is available from specialised electronic dictionary publishers such as iFinger, Abbyy Lingvo, Collins-Ultralingua, Mobile Systems and Paragon Software. Some electronic dictionaries provide an online discussion forum moderated by the software developers and lexicographers

Many manufacturers produce pocket calculator sized electronic dictionaries that use licenced dictionary content  that use a database such as the Merriam Webster Dictionary and Thesaurus while others may use a proprietary database from their own lexicographers. Many devices can be expanded for several languages with the purchase of additional memory cards. Manufacturers include AlfaLink, Atree, Besta, Casio, Canon, Instant Dict, Ectaco, Franklin, Iriver, Lingo, Maliang Cyber Technology, Nurian, Seiko, and Sharp.

PDAs and smart phones such as the Palm, the Pocket PC, and the iPhone/iPad/iPod Touch are small, often pocket-sized computers that can accept various software programs and databases. Full-featured dictionary programs and complete suites of dictionary databases are available. Some models offer stylus or touch screen entry, while others, especially models destined for Asian markets or customized for learners of Asian languages, allow the user to enter complex Asian characters by writing on the screen. It's usually possible to find PDAs, Cellphones, and software optimized for use in the user's native language, which can make them easier to use and more useful than dedicated devices optimized for native speakers of the language the user is trying to learn.[5] Also, as these are essentially small computers, it's possible to expand them by adding other dictionaries and software. Thus you can have Greek, Thai, English, Sanskrit, Chinese etc. dictionaries all on one device, as well as multimedia programs, internet browsers, email programs, and whatever else is available for a given type of PDA or smart phone.

In addition to their software packages, many dictionary publishers make their content available online either for a subscription, or access to a shortened free database of 40,000 - 100,000 definitions or to free access with only partial information.

Others may make the entire database available for free casual use many dictionaries for special purposes, especially for professional and trade terminology, and regional dialects and language variations, are published on the websites of organisations and individual authors. Although they may often be presented in list form without a search function, because of the way in which the information is stored and transmitted, they are nevertheless electronic dictionaries.

Other online dictionaries include the non commercial type of collaborative dictionary. Some of these are built up from user contributions[13] in a similar way to the Wikipedia, and allow for discussion among the contributors.While the databases are often extensive, they lack professional supervision, and may therefore not be reliable or authoritative lexicographic sources. Other online dictionaries are developed by resarech and educational institutions and the lexicographers retain ultimate control with what is included in the dictionaries and how the data are presented with a view to maintain reliability, as described in Nielsen/Mourier (2007).

There are differences in quality of hardware (hand held devices), software (presentation and performance), and dictionary content. Some hand helds are more robustly constructed than others, and the keyboards or touch screen input systems should be physically compared before purchase. The information on the GUI of computer based dictionary software ranges from complex and cluttered, to clear and easy-to-use with user definable preferences including font size and colour.

A major consideration is the quality of the lexical database. Dictionaries intended for collegiate and professional use generally include most or all of the lexical information to be expected in a quality printed dictionary. The content of electronic dictionaries developed in association with leading publishers of printed dictionaries is more reliable that those aimed at the traveler or casual user, while bilingual dictionaries that have not been authored by teams of native speaker lexicographers for each language, will not be suitable for academic work. Some developers opt to have their products evaluated by an independent academic body such as the CALICO.

Another major consideration is that the devices themselves and the dictionaries in them are generally designed for a particular market. As an example, almost all handheld Japanese-English electronic dictionaries are designed for people with native fluency in Japanese who are learning and using English; Japanese words must by entered by pronunciation, not by how they're written, so in most cases a user can't look up a word seen in print unless she or he already knows that word (not a problem for the native Japanese user, but it rather defeats the point for one learning Japanese). Similar limitations exist in most two or multi-language dictionaries and can be especially crippling when the languages are not written in the same script or alphabet; it's important to find a dictionary optimized for the user's native language.

Several developers of the systems that drive electronic dictionary software offer API and SDK - Software Development Kit tools for adding various language-based (dictionary, translation, definitions, synonyms, and spell checking and grammar correction) functions to programs, and web services such as the AJAX API used by Google. These applications manipulate language in various ways, providing dictionary/translation features, and sophisticated solutions for semantic search. They are often available as a C++ API, an XML-RPC server, a .NET API, or as a Python API for many operating systems (Mac, Windows, Linux, etc.) and development environments, and can also be used for indexing other kinds of data.

If we speak about the dictionary as a linguistic term, it is a list of words with their definitions, a list of characters, or a list of words with corresponding words in other languages. Many dictionaries also provide pronunciation information; grammatical information; word derivations, histories, or etymologies; illustrations; usage guidance; and examples in phrases or sentences. Dictionaries are most commonly found in the form of a book, but more and more dictionaries are produced as software runs from electronic PDA or a general purpose computer. Most dictionaries are produced by lexicographers.

Since words and their meanings develop over time, dictionary entries are organized to reflect these changes. Dictionaries may either list meanings in the historical order in which they appeared, or may list meanings in order of popularity and most common use.

Dictionaries also differ in the degree to which they are encyclopedic, providing considerable background information, illustrations, and the like, or linguistic, concentrating on etymology, nuances of meaning, and quotations demonstrating usage.

Any dictionary has been designed to fulfill one or more functions. The dictionary functions chosen by the maker(s) of the dictionary provide the basis for all lexicographic decisions, from the selection of entry words, over the choice of information types, to the choice of place for the information (e.g. in an article or in an appendix). There are two main types of function. The communication-oriented functions comprise text reception (understanding), text production, text revision, and translation. The knowledge-oriented functions deal with situations where the dictionary is used for acquiring specific knowledge about a particular matter, and for acquiring general knowledge about something. The optimal dictionary is one that contains information directly relevant for the needs of the users relating to one or more of these functions. It is important that the information is presented in a way that keeps the lexicographic information costs at a minimum.

All dictionaries are divided into linguistic and encyclopedic.

Encyclopedic dictionaries describe different objects, phenomena and people and give some information about them.

Linguistic dictionaries describe vocabulary units, their semantic structure, their origin and their usage; words are usually given in the alphabetical order.

Linguistic dictionaries are divided into general and specialized dictionaries.

General dictionaries include explanatory (monolingual) and translation (bilingual) dictionaries.

In explanatory (monolingual) dictionaries the entry consists of the spelling, transcription, grammatical forms, meanings, examples, phraseology.

Translation (bilingual) dictionaries give words and their equivalents in the other language.

Specialized dictionaries include dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, collocations, word frequency, slang, neologisms; etymological, pronouncing, phraseological and other dictionaries.

Specialized dictionaries (also technical dictionaries) focus on linguistic and factual matters relating to specific subject fields. A specialized dictionary may have a relatively broad coverage, e.g. a picture dictionary, in that it covers several subject fields such as science and technology (a multi-field dictionary), or their coverage may be more narrow, in that they cover one particular subject field such as law (a single-field dictionary) or even a specific sub-field such as contract law (a sub-field dictionary). Specialized dictionaries may be maximizing dictionaries, i.e. they attempt to achieve comprehensive coverage of the terms in the subject field concerned, or they may be minimizing dictionaries, i.e. they attempt to cover only a limited number of the specialized vocabulary concerned. Generally, multi-field dictionaries tend to be minimizing, whereas single-field and sub-field dictionaries tend to be maximizing.

Phraseological dictionaries describe idioms, colloquial phrases and proverbs. Some of them have examples from literature.

Etymological dictionaries trace present-day words to the oldest forms of these words and forms of these words in other languages.

Pronouncing dictionaries record only pronunciation.

Dictionaries of neologisms contain newly appearing words.

Anybody learning a foreign language knows the value of a good dictionary.

We all know how useful a bilingual dictionary can be in providing a quick translation for something when we don’t know a simple concrete word which translates easily. On the other hand a good well-organized monolingual dictionary can help a lot.

Let’s begin by looking at meaning. You know that one word can have a whole range of different meanings, some of them very similar to each other and some completely different. Which definition should you choose? Well, the first way in which a dictionary can help is by listing meanings so that the most common or frequent comes first, and at least common comes last. A good dictionary will also provide example sentences for each of the different meanings; it can solve a lot of problems if you can see how the word is actually used in a sentence.

The example sentence should also help with understanding the way the word combines with other words in a sentence. For example, you can’t really use a verb unless you know that it should be followed by a gerund or an infinitive or «that» clause or whatever.

Another important thing is the use of certain preposition after some adjectives which a dictionary will prompt to you. Besides, dictionaries give examples of common compounds and phrases which include the word you’ve looked up.

The example sentences can give you quite a lot of information about the grammar of the word you’re interested in; but it isn’t the only way in which a dictionary provides grammatical information. A dictionary will indicate to what word class a word belongs. A well-thought-out dictionary will also have a system of abbreviations or symbols to tell you, for example, whether a noun is countable,

whether a verb is transitive or intransitive and so on. You won’t be able to use a word correctly in a sentence unless you know the answers to such questions.

English is famous for its unpredictable spellings and a dictionary is obviously going to be very useful here. A dictionary will tell you whether this spelling is British or American. You can even find out whether a verb has an irregular past tense or whether an adjective has an irregular comparative form.

The phonetic alphabet is used in dictionaries to tell you about the pronunciation of a word, and a special indication will help you get the stress in the right place.

List of major English dictionaries:

The Penguin English Dictionary

Merriam-Webster Dictionary

Webster's Third New International Dictionary (descriptive)

Random House Dictionary of the English Language

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

Webster's New World Dictionary

Oxford English Dictionary (descriptive)

Concise Oxford Dictionary

 

 

CHAPTER 2: THE PRATICAL USAGE OF IT IN THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATION

2.1 Literature review research methodology

 

The latest software enables radically facilitate the work of the modern interpreter.

Based on the above examples in the previous chapter, we can conclude that the use of computer-aided machine translation is not the final stage of PD for the translator. For example, the main disadvantages of using machine translation software - is the need to adjust transfer with specialized dictionaries. The advantage is the high transfer speed - one program takes the same amount of text as 20-40 translators, no need to re-execute each time repeating texts for translation quality translation of standard documents. Preferable at this stage to use the package Trados, despite the fact that the presence of a small number of matches with counterparts in the database proportion of manual translation is high and the fact that initially you need to create a database that takes time.

For high quality translation with the translator software at this time, with a large database software counterparts, the ability to recognize the realities that have no equivalents in the TL, for example, steady pace, as well as grammar rules written in the form of algorithms. Only in this case a computer translation will reach the level at which it can replace traditional.

Of course, analysis of the options is up by a translator, the artificial intelligence has not yet been created, and to make sense of translation is still a human being.

Accordingly, from the foregoing it can be concluded that at the stage of translation, the translator needs a new technology, devoid of said defects of machine translation - a unique product that will combine the speed and convenience of machine translation, Translation Memory technology's potential and artificial intelligence.

Study were subjected to such Internet sources as: www.zpu-journal.ru, www.yazykoznanie.ru, www.lingvoinfo.com etc.

In the XXI century projects to develop information systems and technologies is a priority and the most promising trends in the development of human knowledge and philological sciences in particular. This is clearly seen from the number of projects supported by the creation of translation databases. We list the most popular projects for the establishment of various types of electronic dictionaries, translation databases, electronic translators, on which we relied in writing this work: www.Multitran.ru, www.MultiKulti.Ru, www.Trworkshop.net, www.lingvoda.ru , www.promt.ru, www.lingvo.ru.A special group of sources are Internet forums for translators, as well as blogs (online diaries), in which the direct translators practitioners share their experience and knowledge of direct relevance to the subject in question. For example, www.translation-blog.ru, www.translations.web-3.ru, www.translatortips.com.Methodological foundation of this study are the traditional and generally accepted methods and principles. A fundamental role is played by the principle of scientific objectivity, as Objectivism is an inherent characteristic of any scientific research.

The purpose and objectives of the study determined the use of the following set of research methods, complement each other:

General scientific complex, including such methods as induction, deduction, synthesis, analogy, theoretical generalization, etc., aimed at obtaining detailed information about the subject of the study and based on the understanding, explanation and interpretation of empirical data, was used to collect information;-A special complex, in particular the theoretical analysis of the scientific and methodological sources - to gather information, techniques - to use the appropriate software in the work, as well as modeling and comparative statistical analysis - for organizing, grouping and classification of the material according to study , was used for writing, both practical and theoretical part of this work. Analysis of the effectiveness of the use of IT in the PD was made using the experimental method, also a member of the complex.