The main sources and functioning of neologisms in english and kazakh languages

-  to the new notion appearance.

The period, which is rich in neologisms, is the nineties, due to rapid change in social relations and hi-tech developments. But as the processes became faster, more new words were coined, the «richest» (36%) time (at the beginning of the XXI century. The major source is Media, tabloids as well as locals, in particular (The Independent, The Washington Post). The Internet also plays a determinative role in forming new words, for example: e-mail, web-cite, net, spam etc.

As a literary concept and term, neologism appeared in the 18^th century and its old meaning was synonymous to «barbarism». In the modern meaning of neologism appeared early in the 19^th century and, gained the acceptance towards the end of the century.

Most neologisms in our work were formed whether by word composition or sense development (more than 80%), which are the ‘easiest’, as one doesn’t have to invent anything new, just combining two words together or implying a new meaning to an old word. Minor word building types (blending, acronimization) are less employed. That happens due to the flash-like rhythm of modern life.

The more active usage of the computer and computer technologies (20 references out of 113) give rise to more new words connected with this topic, the same can be applied to the mobile/cell phones, they are more employed and thus have more functions, which results in the appearance of new words.

In our work, we tried to give a full presentation if all aspects of such a linguistic event as neology in connection with word building means. We performed a complete analysis of 50 most popular neologisms according to the word building type, sphere of usage, to the source and time of appearance, ability to create new forms, new notion appearance.

We also tackled a problem of the cultural acceptance. There is no criterion for judging how long the neologism takes to be accepted by the public. If it does, it is not the point though, because the reason why it becomes recognized is of more importance.

All the statements made above defined the actuality which is carried out in the field of communicative linguists. Its main aim is to describe neologisms by their structure, to give examples, to show the creation of neologisms with the help of word-building techniques.

According to the stated aim, the tasks of the object of the study are as follows:

1. The division of neologisms according to their structure;

2. The appearance of neologisms during the English Renaissance and their lexical creation;

3. The types of neologisms and their functioning;

4. Neologisms from the point of view of semantic and phonetic factors;

5. Sociolinguistic aspects of mathematical education based on neologisms;

6. Differentiation with respect to time axis of neologisms based on word-building.

The neologisms were used for the analysis of this material. The results of the analysis of this topic have proved all the aforementioned specific tasks.

The classification of word building means also presented in our investigation, based on the structural principle (one or two motivating bases) in the first place. The words which have one motivating base are usually formed by derivation with the help of affixes and zero-derivation (conversion), which is the process of turning a word in a different part of speech and with a different distribution characteristic but without adding any derivational element (n. silence – v. to silence). The second type of word building means employs two motivating bases (compounding), which is a convenient and laconic way to express some ideas, comprised in one word. Minor types of word building include shortening, acronymy, blending. For example: power-mad, money-mad, speed-mad, movie-mad and auto-happy, trigger-happy, footlight-happy.

Having comparaed neologisms we foun out that English, Kazakh neologisms appear in the language with the birth of new idea and concept in different spheres of our lives. For example:

sponsor – демеуші, спонсор

Anarchy is the AUA - жайылу

Camera (automobile) –  желторсық

Balcony – қылтима

Bath – астау

Shower – шаптырма

Stewardess – аспансерік

Bike – шайтан арба etc.

Shortening that consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts, as a result the new form acquires some linguistic value of its own, blends that combine two words and include the letters or sounds they have in common as a connecting element. Acronymy is the process of creating new words when only initial letters are taken. These above mentioned means are frequently used in the sphere of technology and politics as well as everyday language (girlfriend – g.f.), the reason is ever-growing life rhythm, when maximum information should be transferred in a minimum time, the described types are the most suitable in this case, which also explains their high productivity, for example: X-ray, X-rex, net, m-phone, GSM, univer, ID etc. 

The semantic word building, which is any semantic change in the word meaning, it deals with sense development, and can be also treated as one of the sources of neologisms, for example: beautymonia, sputnik, Zara, supermarket, hypermarket, bazaar, M-kay etc.

Recent investigations seem to prove that productivity of derivational means is relative in many prospects, and as a conclusion we can say that there are no absolutely productive means. Conversion is popular due to its simplicity and convenience; one doesn’t have to add any affixes to create a new word.

In our work we also dealt with problems concerning the sources of new words as neologisms emerge every day and so fast that dictionaries can not keep up with. While the dictionaries wait for years for the words to be fit to be published, the World Wide Web is acting more efficiently to bring these words to life. The word spy (creator Paul McFedries) is one of the largest sites keeping track of emerging vocabulary of the English language. We used the data from this site to analyze (50 most popular (frequently used) neologisms), collected in February 2004.

This work was done according to the intensive developing branch of communicative theory of language - linguistic pragmatics based on material of neologisms.

New words and expressions or neologisms are created for new things irrespective of their scale of importance. In this work we can see the lexical creation of neologisms, during the English Renaissance and all types of neologisms according to their structure. The examples of some neologisms in different languages like German and French show us the appearance and disappearance of neologisms in language. Neologisms may be all-important and concern some social relationships, such as a new form of state e.g. People's Republic, or something threatening the very existence of humanity, like `nuclear war'. Or again they may be quite insignificant and short-lived, like fashions in dancing, clothing, hair-do or footwear. In every case either the old words are appropriately changed in meaning or new words are borrowed, or more often coined out of the existing I material according to the patterns and ways productive in the language at a given stage of its development.

This theme is not so spread, but a lot of language scientists describe neologisms in their books. It is a very interesting theme to study. New notions come into being, requiring new words to name them. Sometimes a new is introduced for a thing or notion that continues to exist, and the older name ceases to be used. The number of words in a language is therefore not constant; the increase as a rule, more than makes up for the leak-out. It means that the vocabulary of any language does not remain the same but changes constantly.

 

                                              

 

 

 

 

                                        LITERATURE

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                                                 APPENDIX

 

                                    LIST OF NEOLOGISMS

Autoanarchy - A status quo of few if any rules governing individuals or nations, enforced by one powerful authority.                                                                     Blissterical  
Meaning: Being uncontrollably happy. 
Pronunciation: Bliss-teri-cull. 
Usage: Disneyland makes children go blissterical. 
Root: Bliss + Hysterical. 
Budrenaline  
Meaning: High on alcohol. 
Pronunciation: Bud-ri-na-lin. 
Usage: 7 out of 10 road accidents at night can be blamed on the budrenaline rush. 
Root: Bud (nick for Budweiser) + Adrenaline (State of excitement).   Buycarbonate  
Meaning:A habitual diamond shopper. 
Pronunciation:Buy-carb-bun-ate. 
Usage: Women turn buycarbonates as a response for hooking up with jerks. 
Root: Buy (shop) + Carbon (diamond is carbon stone) + -ate (one who does). 
Flunkophobia                                                                                                                   Meaning: Fear of failure. 
Usage: Everytime I gave the Machine Drawing test, I used to have seizures of flunkophobia. 
Pronunciation: Flunk-ko-phobia. 
Root: To flunk is to fail. 
Spliterature  
Usage : The Brad-Jen spliterature ate up quite a few rain forests. 
Pronunciation: sounds like literature 
Root : Split + literature 
Zippie  
Meaning: A young person who is always in a rush. 
Usage: “Just ask that zippie to spare a moment to listen to me will you,” commanded father to mother about son. 
Pronunciation: Zip-ee 
Root: zip & hippie 
Gastrolepidopia  
Meaning: The state of having butterflies in your stomach. 
Usage: Gastrolepidopia is the reason why many great communicators make goofy speeches. 
Pronunciation: Gas-tro-lay-pee-dopey-ah. 
Root: Gastro (stomach in greek) + Lepido (as in butterfly in greek). 

Nakeup 
Nakeup: The feeling of nakedness experienced by some women when they are not using make up. 
Usage:She felt embarrassed when he barged in especially since she was nakeup. 
Pronunciation: Nake (as in snake)- up 
Origin: Naked & make-up. 
Boeing 404 
Meaning: A missing plane. 
Usage: Mayday! Mayday! We have a Boeing 404! 
Pronunciation: Bo-ing-four-knot-four 
Root: 404 is the error message flashed in the web world for ‘not found’ or ‘missing’. And Boeing has this habit of giving 3-digit names to its aircrafts like 747 or 707 
Xenohow  
Meaning: Knowledge on aliens and their behaviour. 
Pronunciation: Xee-know-how. 
Usage: Life would have been far more interesting if I had acquired xenohow instead of a degree in mining engineering. 
Root: Xeno (alien) + Knowhow (knowledge). 
Fisterical  
Meaning: Uncontrollably violent. 
Pronunciation: Fist-terry-cull. 
Usage: The English hooligans turned fisterical when England where denied the penalty. 
Root: So hysterical that one gets into fistcuffs. 
Heetotaller  
Meaning: Someone who abstains from men. 
Pronounciation: He+tow+tull+er 
Usage: Been in a relationship? Then you’ll know the advantages of being a heetotaller! 
Root: He+Teetotaller (One who abstains completely from alcoholic beverages) 
Related word: Shetotaller 
Loutspeaker  
Meaning: A stupid person speaking to an audience 
Pronunciation: Rhymes with loudspeaker 
Usage: Most politicians are loutspeakers 
Root: Lout + Loudspeaker 
Clicktomaniac  
Meaning: He who steals mice and other input devices 
Pronunciation: Clik-toh-maniac 
Usage: Our office IT guy is a clicktomaniac 
Root: Click (mouse-click) + Kleptomaniac 
Pseudopolyglot 
Meaning: One who pretends to know many languages. 
Pronunciation: Sew-do-poly-glot. 
Usage: With a massive vocabulary of 8000 English words, 3 French words, 2 German words and 1 Esperanto word, I passed myself off as a polyglot. But I guess wordminters will call me a pseudopolyglot. 
Root: Pseudo (Fake) + Polyglot (One who speaks many languages).                Nobile  
Meaning: One who hates to carry a mobile. 
Pronunciation: No-bile. 
Usage: Nobile young men are not neanderthals or luddites. They are the future of mankind. 
Root: No + Mobile. 
Chessperanto  
Meaning:Chess-speak. 
Pronunciation:Chess-per-rant-toe. 
Usage: In Chessperanto, f3e5 g4qh4 means, ‘Fool, you got mated in two moves!’ 
Baatankwad 
Meaning: Bamboozling with verbal threats. Pronunciation: Bath-thunk-vaadh. 
Usage: China doesn’t believe in diplomacy. It just bullies countries with baatankwad. 
Root: Baat (Hindi for talk) + Aatankwad (Hindi for terrorism).                                                                                            Oligoanarchy - A status quo of few if any rules governing individuals or nations, enforced by a few powerful authorities.                                                                           Republican anarchy - A status quo of few if any rules governing individuals or nations, enforced by representatives of the people.                                                     Democratic anarchy - A status quo of few if any rules governing individuals or nations, enforced by the assent of the people.                                                  Misandrocracy - A country, especially a feminist-derived gynarchy, where males are severely oppressed.                                                                               Misogynocracy - A country, especially an Islamic state, where females are severely oppressed.                                                                                             Dracocracy - A country, usually a theocracy, which imposes the strictest laws on its people and punishes breaches of those laws most severely (sometimes by death).                                                                                                                   Kylsclaimer-(plural kylsclaimers) 1.One who disclaims, disowns, or renounces. 2.(law) A denial, disavowal, or renunciation, as of a title, claim, interest, estate, or trust; relinquishment or waiver of an interest or estate. 3. A public disavowal, as of pretensions, claims, opinions, and the like. (a denial or a public disavowal,similar to disclaimer).                                                                   Pseudoconservative or pseudocon - talk show host who rails against wasteful government spending on assistance to the poor but cheers at the felling of trees, boasts of smoking huge cigars, and spends tens of thousands on illicitly prescribed painkillers to relieve symptoms related to obesity.                           Lexpionage, adj. - Lexical espionage; the sleuthing of new words and phrases, especially as practiced by The Word Spy.                                                              Squirrel gardening, adj. -The accidental "gardening" that occurs when squirrels transfer seeds and bulbs from one one part of a garden to another, or even between gardens.                                                                                                  Copyrighteous, adj. - Relating to a feeling of moral superiority based on one's responsible copyright views and actions.                                                                             Bad tongue day, noun- A day in which a person frequently mispronounces words and stumbles over sentences.                                                                                           Self-coin, verb- To coin an already existing word that you didn't know about. 
—self-coinage n.                                                                                                   X2Y, noun- An abbreviation based on a business model that sells "something-to-someone" and derived by changing "to" to "2" and sandwiching it between the initial letters of the "something" (X) and the "someone" (Y). See X2Y                          Whistle number, noun- A number so impressive that it makes you whistle in response.                                                                                                    Awkword, noun- A word that is difficult to pronounce.                                                 Jig-sawdust, noun- The sawdust-like bits that fall off jig-saw puzzle pieces.                     E-upmanship, noun- The act of showing up another person by claiming to receive more email messages per day than they do.                                                       "When Bitterman complained about receiving 50 emails a day, Codswallop, in a blatant act of e-upmanship, countered that he received at least 100 messages a day."                                                                                                         Anecdotage, noun- Anecdotal dotage; that advanced age where all one does is relate stories about "the good old days." This is an example of a self-coined word (see above). The Oxford English Dictionary not only lists this word (and defines it as "garrulous old age"), but it has a citation that dates all the way back to 1835!  Generonym, noun- A brand name that has become a generic name for its product category. See genericide.                                                                                                 Mental hairball, noun- A word or phrase coughed up at random.                        Multidude, noun- The collective noun for a group of surfers.                            Cachet-to-cliche, noun- The process in which a particular word or phrase initially gains wide currency, only to be followed by a vicious backlash. "If I hear the phrase Information Superhighway one more time, I'll eat my modem."     Netois, noun- Net patois. The unique language language and vernacular found on the Internet.