The main sources and functioning of neologisms in english and kazakh languages

However, as early as the second half of the 18th century, it became obvious that the vocabulary of literary expression should and perhaps could not be fully limited. Thus pejororative neologism was given a meliorative doublet, «neology» which meant the introduction of «approved» or «correct» new words into language. Critical literature has since expended a great deal of effort to define, not very successfully, the limits of «neology», usually concluding that the latter should be above all Horace's licentia sumpta prudenter, restricted to cases of «real need’’(i.e., for concepts for which no single word or expression exists in the language) and that new words should be analogous in form to existing words in the language. Since, however, there are an infinite number of concepts an author may wish to represent in his writing, or a speaker, in his speech, and since the lexicon of most natural languages offers a very large number of possible analogies, such puristic recommendations have never succeeded in stemming the influx of new words into language, thence into literature [20].

The old meaning of neologism is synonymous with «barbarism», «gallicism» (in English), «anglicism» (in French), and even «archaism». It is opposed to «purism».

The modern, neutral meaning of neologism appears early in the 19th century and, still combated by Littré in French, gains acceptance towards the end of the century. The expansion of the literary experience by the Romanticists, the Realists, and the Naturalists, as well as the emergence of linguistics as an «objective» science has contributed to this development – Victor E. Hanzeli [37].

As for the time of criteria for seclusion of new-foundation and neologism exactly to decide it is impossible, it has a sense to use subjective criteria: if it receive the collective language consciousness this or that lexical unit as a new.

For the sequent we will name it with the term `'neologism'', any word for their comfort have the statue of lexical new-foundation, as the quality of own neologism.

In the supplement, we find it necessary to present the exercises (where derivation in neology is the main principle), where students could develop their skills to create new words, which would also widen pupils’ language abilities. The translate into spiritual attempt of man one the kind time, come very early epoch. He carried out important role and also in world history of culture. Culture prepared centuries, century lives. Value only what brings in culture passed that each new century. Only not people, and also, historical memory assorted facts, to choose my bay. The culture single receiver influence subject never not can to be. When connection on culture multilateral, multidimensional, when same it is not enough said, doubly. History increasing what stably does those cultural associate, first consents one advantageous means translated grounds. Let will be in history, passed that matter of translation, serving on time of means be establishing a connection of cultures on our today's date comes. The compare - language hospitality, type of open space. The compare another cut on slices another to the language accepting as your the language, mercy shows itself. Free of charge that he to no purpose was done, not attempt. Translated - you’re the language you’re the language returning open, to compel to grow rich, from the impression.

The culture compare is important means relation, because he one the language culture proof second acquaintance steam of center. Translates cultural connection goes down much, viz. another cultural the world experience spacious acquaintance culture language inclined comes , that result compare business is a nomad grown up and well-known place. The compare -complex process. Original, that correct and exact delivery, on language of compare the last name only found it is necessary words not putting, delivering them on in accordance grammatical model to know it is necessary. And stylistic factors, that is not possible adding to him in much the states yet not to produce from an account, mixed up. Thing, that was talked by compare - on language except, on two one the language to express full and correctly .

In Kazakh science of linguistics on today's a day specially to investigate industries, that require, first is a met theory of translation. It industry - industries of linguistics, at that pied put Kazakh languages force scientific character on arrive at perfection, proper level, first. It basic direction science therefore gives row direct connection finding out thoroughly concept-concepts and reasons not to put there. On nowadays Kazakh linguistics thoroughly occupy scientist А.М by the question of translation. Aldasheva in doctoral dissertation ". Now to translation met theory main ground, decision basis, translated science main object and subject, method-method and unity personality, translation norm, the business puts requirement similar important circumstance authenticity scientific approach turns out not, - names passes. [1-45] On Kazakh linguistics question of translated new classify, that was begun by ХХ only last years century, first. Therefore, translation practice and metatheory of translation on Kazakh knowledge of language [6].

In connection with the increase of the role of the Kazakh language in our independent state for 20 years philologists countries are actively working for the good of the Kazakh people, even it seems, through. In our rich language appeared neologisms, so that the devil himself would break a leg. Inadvertently think and not Smoking are they there something stronger than Marlboro? 
evacuation - адамдарды әкету

endoscopy - дүрбімен ішті қарау бөлмесі

sponsor – демеуші

Anarchy is the AUA - жайылу

Camera (automobile) –  желторсық

Balcony – қылтима

Bath – астау

Shower – шаптырма

Stewardess – аспансерік

Bike – шайтан арба

In the Kazakh language has remained without change from the French. Even the British had not neglected this word. Stewardess still, where not passed, but to translate Latin simply mind-boggling. Do not be surprised if soon come up with a translation of the differential, democracy or biopsy.

Well, the Lord philologists, if you already decided to convert all of the Kazakh, turn on the "Kazakh", the words: мектеп, кітап, қалам, ғылым, with an Arab or Farsi.

In General, we, as always, all through the anus. Oh excuse me, it would be correct ("айналшық". :)

From the jokes, or something to (in Kazakh language) laughing all the Turks, and not only....

Ұлт, already in the 19th century the Kazakhs this word meant the sole of the Shoe, please do not confuse with the sole of the feet of the person and animals, there really табан (түйе табан, қой табан....). Respectively, were derived from the word ұлтрақ (ұлтарақ), insole gasket, ұлтаң - steel or rubber padding on the rim of the wheel, on modern tire or a tire. Ероме the word Ұлт indicates the Foundation, the basis, the platform. In the modern Kazakh language ұлт - a nation, while at all times, always said ate-жұртын кiм? i.e. what you nation, a people?

Continue to Shine, Kazakhs heel called өкше, literally like an arrow (оқ-boom), before a sharp thing to Shine, i.e. the same, and that spurs. Undoubtedly, the term өкше can be used as a high heel (pin). KAB in Arabic heel, in the Kazakh language use өкше, we have found out, that it spurs, and when they say өкшесін жалау - this means Boobs spurs. So from this word-KAB-heel happened Kazakh каблық - heel (the fact that the wear on the heel)..... 
On the balcony...

In Turkic language is the word чардақ=жердек=poles, i.e., as the earth. This word designated overlapping between floors, roof, and a balcony.... 
All the thing that you can be confident walk and walk as on earth..... 
Source? From a dictionary?

may all the same...

 
- түкті кілем - fluffy carpet;

 
- ворсовый – carpet;

 
- қалың кілем -thick woolen shaggy richly ornamented with carpet;

 
- масаты кілем - silky wool carpet;

 
- нар кілем - a big carpet;

 
- тақыр кілем - smooth (without pile) carpet;

 
- түс кілем - wall carpet, tapestry;

 
- кілем қоржын , коржын (madrasah) - out of the carpet;

 
- кілем жаю -restore the carpet;

 
- кілем жабу - cover the rug (camel with movements);

 

- кілем тоқу - weave carpet;

 

- кілем төсеу  - to lay a carpet [7].

 
         The functioning of the socio-political neologisms in English, Russian and Kazakh languages. The beginning of the 90-ies. - the end of the cold war, a period of the destruction of the socialist formation and appropriation of the Republic of Kazakhstan sovereignty, the formation of a new, democratic society. In his article Abilxacimova B.B. [1, c. 238], notes that the new force is manifested in the field of mass communication of the period cumulative  phoseological function of language, representing the "result", a static plan of the process of learning: methods of reflection and storage of encyclopedic information in the language units. It is the dimension of existence of the word in which it acts as a "mirror of the life of our nation," collective memory ethnolinguistic community, "the cultural center".

          Indeed, new communicative situation of the 90-ies all over the world, in particular in Russia and Kazakhstan is characterized by an abrupt change of the ideological and cultural values and connected with the necessity to almost instantly switch to the other code within a very short period "rename" the world.

          So, transformation of the picture of the world can have different forms of fixation on the linguistic map. Zhabotkina VI. [2], in particular, allocates a new sector in the picture of the world - the computer equipment, which is fixed to the language map in the form of a separate new semantic field of computer terms. 
In the sphere of socio-political vocabulary in the three languages of the need to give new names of different kinds of activity by means of computers called in the language of a kind of word-formation explosion with the prefix e -: e-government, e-voting. In the English language on the modern stage he has other synonyms forms, for example: e-gov, digital government, online government, while in the Russian and Kazakh languages this neologism only is in use, as it is used in more than assimilate form and is taken from the English language (e-government). This neologism formed by the pointing to the use or operation of the Internet, and Kazakh languages used in its full form "government", "электрондық үкімет". This is also due to the recent introduction of the electronic programmer in the enjoyment of the population. With the introduction of e-government, as in English, and in Russian and Kazakh languages were introduced in the use of the following neologisms: e-democracy - democracy (electronics e-democracy, e-voting - electronics Sailau e-voting). However, in some newspaper articles "e-government" is reduced to FL. Fixed combinations of e-government services, e-government transactions in the English language indicate that this neologism is well entrenched in the English language.

          In addition to the prefix, the prefix e-cyber - is also productive in connection with the promotion and distribution of computer technology and the Internet, but are especially neologisms with this component in the sphere of "war and terrorism", for example: cyberattack, cyberterrorism, cyberwar. Neologism cyberattack means of computer sabotage, sabotage the use of information technology. In English neologism cyberattack has different forms of writing: merging, separation or with a hyphen. In this example, the cyber acts as an adjective, whose value "related to computers, information technology, Internet". Also cyber may act as part of a compound word and given by a hyphen, for example: "Сyber-attacks 'more aggressive than ever'" but most of this neologism is written together: cyberattack.

        Sometimes finance and computers come together, as with dot-com (a person or a company whose business is done using the Internet), 
e-cash (money that can be used to buy things on the Internet, but that does not exist in a physical form or belong to any particular country). Many new words have come from medicine and biological science, e.g., biologically engineered, genetically modified; from the world of business: benchmark (to use a companies good performance as a standard by which to judge the performance of other companies of the same type), best practice (a description of the best way of performing a particular activity in business).

Every period in the development of a language produces an enormous number of new words or new meanings of established words. Most of them do not live long. They are not meant to live long. They are coined for use at the moment of speech, and therefore possess a peculiar property —that of temporariness. The given word or meaning holds only in the given context and is meant only to "serve the occasion."

However, such is the power of the written language that a word or a meaning used only to serve the occasion, when once fixed in writing, may become part and parcel of the general vocabulary [9].

The coining of new words generally arises first of all with the need to designate new concepts resulting from the development of science and also with the need to express nuances of meaning called forth by a deeper understanding of the nature of the phenomenon in question. It may also be the result of a search for a more economical, brief and compact form of utterance which proves to be a more expressive means of communicating the idea.

The first type of newly coined words, i.e. those which designate newborn concepts, may be named   terminological coinages. The second type, i.e. words coined because their creators seek expressive utterance may be named stylistic coinages.

         Among new coinages of a literary-bookish type must be mentioned a considerable layer of words appearing in the publicity style, mainly in newspaper articles and magazines and also in the newspaper style— mostly in newspaper headlines.

Another type of neologism is the nonce-word – a word coined to suit one particular occasion. They rarely pass into the standard language and remind us of the writers who coined them.

 

        1.5 Cultural acceptance of neologisms and types of them

          After being coined, neologisms invariably undergo scrutiny by the public and by linguists to determine their suitability to the language. Many are accepted very quickly; others attract opposition. Language experts sometimes object to a neologism on the grounds that a suitable term for the thing described already exists in the language. Non-experts who dislike the neologism sometimes also use this argument, deriding the neologism as "abuse and ignorance of the language."

          Some neologisms, especially those dealing with sensitive subjects, are often objected to on the grounds that they obscure the issue being discussed, and that such a word's novelty often leads a discussion away from the root issue and onto a sidetrack about the meaning of the neologism itself.

        Proponents of a neologism see it as being useful, and also helping the language to grow and change; often they perceive these words as being a fun and creative way to play with a language. Also, the semantic precision of most neologisms, along with what is usually a straightforward syntax, often makes them easier to grasp by people who are not native speakers of the language.

          The outcome of these debates, when they occur, has a great deal of influence on whether a neologism eventually becomes an accepted part of the language. Linguists may sometimes delay acceptance, for instance by refusing to include the neologism in dictionaries; this can sometimes cause a neologism to die out over time. Nevertheless if the public continues to use the term, it always eventually sheds its status as a neologism and enters the language even over the objections of language experts [10].

 

   Types of neologisms

 

• Scientific – words or phrases created to describe new scientific discoveries. Example: prion

• Political – words or phrases created to make some kind of political or rhetorical point, sometimes perhaps with an eye to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Example: pro-life. Some political neologisms, however, are intended to convey a negative point of view. Example: brutalitarian

• Pop-culture – words or phrases evolved from mass media content or used to describe popular culture phenomena (these may be considered a subsection of slang). Example: crab 

• Imported – words or phrases originating in another language. Typically they are used to express ideas that have no equivalent term in the native language. Example: tycoon   

• Trademarks are often neologisms to insure they are distinguished from other brands. If legal trademark protection is lost, the neologism may enter the language as a genericized trademark. Example: Kodak

• Nonce words – words coined and used only for a particular occasion, usually for a special literary effect.

• Inverted – words that are derived from spelling (and pronouncing) a standard word backwards. Example: redrum

• Paleologism – a word that is alleged to be a neologism but turns out to be a long-used (if obscure) word, such as Stephen Colbert’s truthiness. Used ironically.

 

   Versions of neologisms

• Unstable - Extremely new, being proposed, or being used only by a very small subculture.

• Diffused - Having reached a significant audience, but not yet having gained acceptance.

• Stable - Having gained recognizable and probably lasting acceptance.

         No new science is possible without neologisms, new words or new interpretations of old words to describe and explain reality in new ways. How could Aristotle have developed the logic of syllogisms or Newton the theory of dynamics without new vocabularies and definitions? They were neologisms, and everybody wanting to contribute new knowledge must be. «To reject neologisms, often despicably, is to reject scientific development. No sign of scientific conservatism is so telling as the rejection of all but the established concepts of a school of thought. Neologisms are, however, relative to the terminological paradigm actually dominating a field of knowledge. It may be a radical renewal to introduce terms from a tradition believed to be outmoded». There exist various definitions of such a linguistical event, as neologism, and every of them expresses the gist of this notion taking into the consideration one of the numerous aspects of neologism. The most general are: «Neologism: Neologisms are «words that have appeared in a language in connection with new phenomena, new concepts, but which have not yet entered into the active vocabularies of a significant portion of the native speakers of the language». (Woodhouse dictionary, 1972, p. 225)

«A neologism is the term used to describe a word that has been made-up or invented by a speaker, which appears in a transcript of spontaneous speech dialogue. It can also be described as a word which does not appear in the dictionary of the primary spoken language, but which is also not a foreign word.» (Internet http://en.wiktionary.org) Or:

The common thing in these both definitions is that neologism is not yet registered in dictionaries and in most cases it is a colloquial for the time being.

For instance, the word «nigilist»  (nihilist) [<Latin «nihil» (nothing)] was first used in an essay in 1829; and was popularized in Turgenev'sFathers and Sons , through his depiction of the radical doctor of the 1860's, Bazarov». The reason for introducing the word into the language was that there were many young people of that time believing that nothing had meaning or value. As soon as the word was coined it was accepted by the society and has existed in a number of languages since then.

If we take some sciences in particular, we may see, all of them reflect the essence of the notion, as there is «always something new». For instance, in linguistics, a neologism is a recently-coined word, or the act of inventing a word or phrase. Additionally it can imply the use of old words in a new sense i.e., giving new meanings to existing words or phrases. As it was mentioned above neologisms are especially useful in identifying new inventions, new phenomena, or old ideas which have taken on a new cultural context. The word «neologism» was coined around 1800 and was, at that time, a neologism itself [19].

In psychology, a neologism is a word invented by a person suffering from psychotic disorders; psychiatrists sometimes use these neologisms, which often have meaning only to the subject, as clues to determine the nature of the subject's disorder. In theology, a neologism is a relatively new doctrine (for example, rationalism). In this sense, a neologist is an innovator in the area of a doctrine or belief system, and is often considered heretical or subversive by the mainstream church.

         The main point in all these defenitions is that the word or meaning is new and the implication is that the word might be adopted by the society and take roots or ignored and shortly forgotten.

          We can mark that neologisms tend to occur more often in cultures which are rapidly changing, and also in situations where there is easy and fast propagation of information. They are often created by combining existing words (compound noun and adjective) or by giving words new and unique suffixes or prefixes. Those which are portmanteaus are shortened. Neologisms can also be created through abbreviation or acronym, by intentionally rhyming with existing words, or simply through playing with sounds.As for the description of neologisms, we can say that, a neologism may be a slang word that has yet to find its way into mainstream conversation, or it may be the creation of a non-native speaker who has made for example a grammatical error. The so-called slip of the tongue may also be seen as neologisms.

          Neologisms often become popular by way of mass media, the Internet, or word of mouth – especially, many linguists suspect, by younger people. Virtually every word in a language was, at some time, a neologism, though most of these ceased to be such through time and acceptance.

Neologisms often become accepted parts of the language. Other times, however, they disappear from common usage. Whether or not a neologism continues as part of the language depends on many factors, probably the most important of which is acceptance by the public. Acceptance by linguistic experts and incorporation into dictionaries also plays a part, as does whether the phenomenon described by a neologism remains current, thus continuing to need a descriptor. It is unusual, however, for a word to enter common use if it does not resemble another word or words in an identifiable way. (In some cases however, strange new words succeed because the idea behind them is especially memorable or exciting). When a word or phrase is no longer «new», it is no longer a neologism. Neologisms may take decades to become «old», though. Opinions differ on exactly how old a word must be to no longer be considered a neologism; cultural acceptance probably plays a more important role than time in this regard.

If we consider the cultural acceptance, we can reckon that after being coined, neologisms invariably undergo scrutiny by the public and by linguists to determine their suitability to the language. Many are accepted very quickly; others attract opposition. Language experts sometimes object to a neologism on the grounds that a suitable term for the thing described already exists in the language. Non-experts who dislike the neologism sometimes also use this argument, deriding the neologism as «abuse and ignorance of the language.»