Шаруашылығы және өнеркәсібі

                            Демографиялық көрсеткіштер

Ресей аумағында XX ғасырдың 90-жылдарынан бері халықтың ұдайы өсуінің қазіргі  типі орнықты. Қазіргі кезде туу  коэффициенті 12,1°/00, өлім коэффициенті 14,6°/00 - Туудың азаюы мен өлім-жітімнің артуына байланысты 1992 жылдан бері табиғи өсу теріс көрсеткішке (-2,5°/00) ие болды. Соңғы жылдары демографиялық  көрсеткіштер жақсарып келеді. Табиғи өсудің оң көрсеткіштері Ингушетия, Тува республикаларында, Ханты-Манси  АО-де байқалады. Жалпы алғанда, елде адамның өмір жасының ұзақтығы да қысқарды: 1990 жылы бұл керсеткіш 69 жасқа  тең болса, қазіргі кезде 66,6 жасты  кұрайды.

Демографиялық керсеткіштерге халықтың жас және жыныстық кұрылымы, көші-қон сипаты да әсер етеді. Қазіргі  кезде Ресей халқының 17%-ы 14 жасқа  толмаған балалар болса, 19%-ын жасы 60-тан  асқан егде адамдар құрайды. Ел халқының 53%-дан астамын әйелдер құрайды. Соңғы онжылдықтарда басқа аудандардан  көшіп келген жастар үлесі басым  аудандарда (Ханты-Манси, Ямал- Ненец, Таймыр автономиялық округтері, Саха республикасы) туу көрсеткіші жоғары, өлім-жітім  аз. Күшті урбандалған аудандарда туу көрсеткіші төмен, ал халық құрылымында  егде адамдар басым кейбір қалаларда  өлім саны көп.

                              Халқының ұлттық құрамы

Ресей көп ұлтты елдер қатарына жатады, мұнда 160 ұлттар мен ұлыстардың өкілдері тұрады. 100-ге жуық ұлттар мен  ұлыстар Ресейдің; байырғы халқына  жатады. Саны жөнінен басымы — орыстар, олар Ресей халқының 80%-ын құрайды. Орыс халқының ең басым ауданы — Орталық  қара топырақты аудан, мұнда олардың  үлесі 95%-дан асады. Ресей аумағында 30-дан астам ұлттық автономия құрылған, бірақ олардың көпшілігінде байырғы халыққа қарағанда орыстардың саны басым.

Тілдік құрамы жағынан  Ресей халықтары, негізінен, үндіеуропалық (халықтың 89%-ы), алтай (7%), кавказ (2%) және орал (2%) 4 тіл семьяларына жатады. Ресейдің мәдени кеңістігінде орыс тілі мен мәдениетінің ғана емес, басқа  халықтардың, соның ішінде шағын  ұлыстардың тілі мен салт-дәстүрлерінің  сақталуына айрықша көңіл бөлінген. Орасан зор аумақты алып жатқан Саха республикасының байырғы тұрғындары түркі тілдес якуттар болып табылады. Солтүстіктің басқа халықтары, негізінен, бұғы шаруашылығымен айналысса, якуттар  атакәсібі болып саналатын жылқы  өсіруден әлі қол үзген жоқ. Елдің  солтүстігін, Қиыр Шығысты саны жағынан  аз ұлттар мен ұлыстар мекендейді

                                   Халық  тығыздығы    

                 Экономикалық аудандар бойынша да халықтың тығыздығы әртүрлі. Халық Орталық аудан мен Калининград облысында тығыз орналасқан, ал Қиыр Шығыс пен Шығыс Сібірде, Солтүстік ауданда халық өте сирек қоныстанған

Халық тығыздығы табиғат жағдайларының  қолайлы болуына тікелей байланысты. Ресейдің халық тығыз қоныстанған  аудандарында табиғат жағдайы қолайлы  болып келеді. Мысалы, Солтүстік  Осетияда тығыздық 1 км2-ге шаққанда 80 адамды құраса, табиғаты қолайсыз Таймырда бұл  көрсеткіш 1 адамға тең. Ірі қалалар  мен олардың маңында халық  тығыздығының жоғары болуын әлеуметтік-экономикалық жағдаймен түсіндіруге болады. Мысалы, Мәскеу қаласы мен облысында халық  тығыздығы 1 км2-ге 320 адамға жетеді. Еуропалық  бөліктің солтүстігінен басқа аумағын  және азиялық бөліктегі Транссібір теміржолы бойындағы аудандарды қамтитын жолақта Ресей халқының 93%-ы тұрады. Елдегі ең ірі қалалар  мен миллионер қалалардың барлығы  дерлік осында орналасқан.

Солтүстікке және шығысқа қарай  халық тығыздығы азая береді. Ел аумағының 2/3 бөлігін қамтитын Солтүстік  ауданда бүкіл халықтың 6%-ы ғана тұрады. Бұл аудандарда қала халқының үлесі жоғары, ал қалалардың орналасуы  минералдық ресурстарды өндірумен  тығыз байланысты болады. Сібірдің оңтүстігінде (Алтай, Тува республикалары) де халық сирек қоныстанған, мұнда  ел халқының 1 %-ы ғана тұрады, бірақ ауыл халқының үлесі жоғары. Халықтың әркелкі орналасуы және көптілік аумақта өте сирек қоныстануы елдің әлеуметтік-экономикалық дамуына кедергі келтіретін факторлардың бірі болып табылады.

Ресейде, негізінен, қоныстанудың екі  түрі (қалалық және ауылдық) басым. Жалпы  алғанда, Ресейде 150 мыңға жуық ауылдық  елді мекен бар. Олардың саны, әдетте, ауыл шаруашылығы өркендеген аудандарда көбірек. Көлік қатынасы және рекреациямен (емдеу-сауықтыру және демалыс орындары), сондай-ақ орман шаруашылығымен байланысты ауылдың елді мекендер де бар. Қазіргі  кезде ауылды жерде тұратындардың  тек 55%-ы ғана ауыл шаруашылығында жұмыс  істейді.

Қазіргі кезде Ресей халқының 73%-ы қалада тұрады. Қала халқының үлесі, әсіресе Солтүстік-Батыс 87%) және Орталық (80%) аудандарда жоғары. Алтай, Тува, Қалмақ республикаларында, солтүстіктегі ұлттық автономиялық округтерде урбандалу деңгейі 50%-дан төмен. Ал ауыл шаруашылығы дамыған Солтүстік Кавказ бен Краснодар өлкесінде қала халқының үлесі 54%-ды құрайды.

                                          Геосаяси жағдайы

Ресейдің Еуропа мен Азия ортасындағы  аралық орны екі дүние бөлігін  байланыстырып тұратын өзіндік  көпір қызметін атқаруына себепші  болады. Бұл елдің әлеуметтік-экономикалық даму ерекшеліктерін айқындаумен қатар, оның саяси жағдайына да ықпал  етеді. Кеңес Одағы мен социалистік  жүйенің ыдырауы, ұзаққа созылған экономикалық дағдарыс елдің геосаяси жағдайын өзгертті.

НАТО елдерімен, оның ішінде АҚШ-пен ұзаққа созылған экономикалық бәсекелестік пен жаппай қарулану, "қырғиқабақ соғыс" саясатының аяқталуы Ресейдің сыртқы саясатында бетбұрыс кезең болды. Ендігі жерде Ресей белгілі бір елдер тобына бағдарланған саясат жүргізуге қарағанда, өзінің экономикалық, саяси мүдделеріне сай келетін мемлекеттердің барлығымен өзара тиімді байланыстар орнатуға көшті. Геосаяси тұрғыдан алғанда, Ресей нағыз ашық мемлекетке айналды. Дегенмен НАТО елдері шекарасының Шығыс Еуропа мемлекеттері есебінен кеңейіп, ел аумағына жақын келуі Ресей мүдделері тұрғысынан алғанда онша қолайлы құбылыс ретінде бағаланбайды.

Қазіргі заманғы әлемдегі геосаяси жағдай, ұлттар мен діндер араздығы, халықаралық терроризммен күрес шаралары Еуразияның көптеген аудандарында саяси тұрақсыздықтың орын алуына себепші болды. Бұл жағдайда аймақтағы, әлемдегі саяси жағдайға ықпал ететін ірі мемлекет ретінде Ресейдің рөлі күшейіп келеді. Шекараға жақын аудандарда саяси жағдайдың шиеленісуі Ресейдің мемлекеттік шекараларын нығайтуына ықпал етуде. Ресей Федерациясының бұрынғы одақтас республикалармен шекаралары арнайы келісімдер арқылы толық бекітіліп біткен жоқ. Қазақстанмен шекаралары 2005 жылғы мемлекетаралық келісімдер негізінде толығымен  бекітілді.

Ресей Геосаяси тұрғыда ТМД елдерімен, Еуропалық Одақпен, Азиялық-Тынық мұхиттық аймақ елдерімен жан-жақты байланыстар орнатуға мүдделі. Әсіресе АҚШ, әлемдік экономика мен саясаттың жаңа орталықтары болып табылатын Қытай, Оңтүстік-Шығыс Азия және Үндістанмен қарым-қатынастарды жаңа деңгейге көтеру елдің геосаяси жағдайын нығайта түспекші     

                                Ресей-Қазақстан  байланыстары

Сыртқы саясатта Қазақстан Республикасы мен Ресей  Федерациясының  арасындағы әскери –саяси ынтымақтасық ерекше орын алалы.

1990жылдары Қазақстан Республикасы мен Ресей  Федерациясы  арасындағы геосаяси жақындық,тарихи байланыс,саяси,экономикалық және әскери аспектілерге қатысты көптеген мәселелерде көзқарастары сәйкес болу себептері қарым-қатынастардың мүлдем жаңа түрін қалыптастырды.Әсіресе,екі мемлекет қатынасын анықтау мақсатында геосаяси фактор басты роль атқарады.Ресеймен шекарасы көбірек  шектесетін Қазақстанның сол ресей арқылы әлемдік коммуникацияларға қол жеткізімділігі бар.Тарихи қалыптасқан себептерге байланысты біздің республика экономика жағынан Ресейге  тәуелді болып тұр.Ресейде 750мың қазақтар тұрғанда,Қазақстанда 4млн.адам орыс диаспорасы тұрады.Осы барлық себептер екі мемлекетті байланыстырып,Ресейді Қазақстанның басты страгетиялық серіктесі және одақтасы ретінде анықтайды.

Қазақстан үшін Ресей ең алдымен басты стратегиялық серіктес және одақтас.ТМД-ға кіретін мемлекетер ішінен Ресей Федерациясы бүгінгі таңда Қазақстан Республикасымен өзара қатынастарын тығыз дамытуда.

Өз кезегінде Қазақстан  және Ресейдің әскер –саяси ынтымақтастығының  қазіргі заманда 3 кезеңнен тұратын өз тарихы бар:

 1-этап- әскери –саяси ынтымақтастықтың маңыздылығын анықтау(1990-1991жылдар)

2-этап-қарым-қатынастың құқықтық базасының қалыптасуы(1992-1993)

3-этап-әскери ықпалдасудың кеңеюі(1994-2007)

Қазақстан және Ресей арасындағы екіжақты  ынтымақтастықтың негізі Кеңес Одағының ыдырауына дейін қаланған.

Қазақстан және Ресей арасындағы Достық,ынтымақтастық және өзара көмек туралы келісім шарт екі мемлекет арасында әскери-саяси жақындасудың бастамасын қалыптастырған негізгі мемлекетаралық құжат болды.1992жылы 16 шілдеде Қазақстан және Ресей арасындағы Достық,ынтымақтастық және өзара көмек туралы келісім шарт Ресей парламентімен бекітілді.

Тағы екі маңызды құжаттар 1992 жылы шілде мен тамызда Қазақстан мен Ресейдің Қорғаныс министрліктері арасында қабылданды.Бұл әскери оқу орындарында офицерлік кадрлер дайындау  және офицерлік құрам,прапорщиктердің,мичмандардың әскери қызметін өтеу тәртібі туралы  келісімдер болды.

Қазақстан Республикасы мен  Ресей Федерациясы арасындағы әскери- саяси қарым –қатынастың құқықтық базасының қалыптасуына 1995жылдың 20 қаңтарындағы  Мәскеу қаласындағы Қазақстан Республикасының Президенті  Н.Ә.Назарбаевтың Ресей Федерациясының Президенті Б.Н                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Ельцинмен кездесуі маңызды роль атқарды.Кездесу нәтижесінде екі жақ жартысынан көбі әскери қатынастар мәселесіне қатысты 16 құжатқа қол қойды.Осы жылдан бастап бірлескен қарулы күштерді құру жөнінде шешімге келді

Ресей басшысының 1996 жылғы  сәуірдегі Қазақстанға сапары Қазақстан-Ресей  қарым-қатынастарында қол жеткізілген  сапалы жаңа деңгейдің жарқын айғағына айналды. Н.Назарбаев пен Б. Ельцин Каспий проблемаларына айрықша мән берді. Кездесудің қорытындылары бойынша Мемлекеттер басшылары Каспий теңізін пайдалану жөніндегі ынтымақтастық туралы бірлескен мәлімдемеге қол қойды. Ол құжатта жаңа саяси жағдайларда Каспий проблемаларын әділетті түрде шешудің аймақтағы бейбітшілік пен тұрақтылықты қамтамасыз етуде шешуші маңызы болатындығы атап көрсетілді. Тараптар Каспийдің құқықтық мәртебесі туралы мәселені шешуде және теңіздің минерелдық, биологиялық ресурстарын  пайдалануда тығыз ынтымақтасуға уағдаласты. Сөз болып отырған уақытта Теңіз кен орнынан  Новороссийскіге дейін мұнай құбырының құрылысын салу туралы (Каспий құбыр желісі концорциумының жобасы) түпкілікті шешім қабылданды. 
Содан кейін екі жыл бойы Қазақстан және Ресей тараптары жоғары саяси деңгейде қарқынды келіссөздер жүргізді Келіссөздерде Қазақстан мен Ресейдің өзара іс-қимылына үздіксізсипат беруге , екі жақты ынтымақтастықтың қарқыны мен көлемін ұлғайтуға айрықша назар аударылды. 
Осы бағыттағы күш-жігер табысты аяқталды. ХХІ ғасырға бағдарланған мәңгілік достық пен одақтастық туралы декларацияға қол қойылды. Бұл құжаттың үлкен саяси мәні бар. Екі жақты қарым-қатынастардың тарихында бұрын-соңды болмаған осы құжатқа 1998 жылғы 6 шілдеде қол қойылып, Қазақстан мен Ресейдің басшылары екі мемлекет те мәңгілік достық байланыстарымен сипатталатын әріптестер және одақтастар болып табылатынын қуаттады. 
Н.Назарбаетың туған күнінде өткізілген жоғары деңгейдегі кездесудің айрықша жемісті болғанын атап өту керек. Осы 6 шілде күні Каспий жөніндегі келіссөздер процесінде жаңа тұрпатты жаңалық болды. Президенттер жер қойнауын пайдалануға арналған егеменді құқықтарын жүзеге асыру мақсатында Каспий теңізі солтүстік бөлігінің түбін межелеу туралы келісімге қол қойды. Тараптар теңіздің түбі бойынша жетілдірілген орта сызықты жүргізу туралы принципті уағдалысқа қол жеткізді. 
Қазақстан Ресей қарым-қатынастарының тағы бір жемісіретінде РФ Президенті Б.Ельциннің 1998 жылғы 12 қазанда Алматыға жасаған мемлекеттік сапарының қорытындыларын айтуғаболады, оның нәтижесінде 1998-2007 жылдарға арналған экононмикалық ынтымастық туралы кең ауқымды шартқа қол қойылды, осы құжатты іске асыру жөнінде нақты іс-шаралардың бағдарламасы жасалады.Бұл құжат экономиканың нақты секторының негізгі салаларындағы өндірістік инвестициялық, ғылыми-техникалық ынтымақтастықты дамытудың нақты бағыттары мен үйлестіруші тетіктерін белгілейді.Шаруашылық жүргізуші субьектілердің арасында яғни тікелей экономикалық деңгейде байланыстарды кеңейтуді көздейді.