Великобритания

     Реферат

    по информатике 

    ТЕМА: Великобритания 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

                                               Выполнил:

                                               Ляхов Денис 
 
 

UNITED KINGDOM

Great Britain - an island on which the England, Scotland and Wales, constitutes, together with many smaller islands, an archipelago of irregular shape with a very diverse landscape and nature. The latter is a consequence of the fact that the British Isles were once part of Europe, but were cut off from the mainland after the flooding of low lying land, now is the bottom of the North Sea and English Channel. Northern Ireland, which is politically complements the United Kingdom, located on the second-largest island, Ireland, and is the western extension of the Scottish mountains. These mountain areas are separated by a narrow North Channel.

Historically, the geographical features of the British influence on human settlement, migration, armed conquest and political union. They also identified the location and operation of industry, transportation systems, agriculture, fisheries, forests, energy and communications. Nowadays, they continue to define the lives of British people, and besides, they are closely related to the concern of society for the environment and wildlife.

Geographical position of Britain marked the zero meridian, which passes through the international time zone at Greenwich to the east of London, 50є north latitude in the south-east of England and 60є north latitude in the Shetland Islands. So Britain is just 10є latitude, which makes it a very small country compared to some European countries. However, even on such a tiny territory it has retained a huge variety of landscapes and contrasting physical traits that affect tourists waiting to see an overcrowded and industrialized countries. From any location can be easily and quickly reach a large number of beautiful species, and recreation areas, such as the ten national parks in England and Wales and areas of natural beauty in Scotland and Northern Ireland.  

State in the north-west Europe. Consists of the island of Great Britain, which are England, Scotland and Wales, and Northern Ireland, which occupies part of the island of Ireland. Isle of Man and Channel Islands are the dominions of the United Kingdom but not part of it. The area of ​​the country - 244,111 km2.Na in England are Pieniny Mountains (the northern region), the highest point - Mount Skeyfel Pike (978 m). In Pennick is located and the picturesque Lake District. South of the Pieniny Mountains and east of Wales stretches a vast plain that occupies most of central and southern England. In the extreme south are Dartmoor hills (about 610 m above sea level). The main rivers - the Thames, Severn, Tyne, Mersey.

In Scotland, mostly occupied by mountains, can in turn be divided into three regions: the north of Highlands, Central Lowlands in the center and Sazen Uplands in the south. The first region covers more than half of Scotland. This is the most mountainous region of the British Isles, in many places indented by narrow lakes. In the Grampian Mountains in the region is the highest point in Scotland and the entire United Kingdom - mountain Ben Nevis (1343 m). Central region more or less flat with small hills. And although it takes only one tenth of the territory of Scotland, the majority of the population is concentrated here. And the most southerly region - the heather uplands, much lower than the Highlands. The main rivers of Scotland - Clyde Taylor, Force, Tweed, Dee and Spey. Among the many lakes in particular stand out of Loch Ness, Loch Tay and Loch Catherine.

Wales as well as Scotland - the mountain region, but the mountains here are not as high. Main mountain range - Cambrian Mountains in the heart of Wales, an array of Don Snow (up to "1085 m) located in the northwest. The main rivers of Wales, Dee, UIC, Teifi. The largest lake - Bala.

Most of the territory of Northern Ireland is plain, which is situated in the heart of Loch Ni (about 390 km2) - the largest lake in the British Isles. Mountains are located in the north-west (mountains Sperin), north-east coast-(Antrim Plateau) and the Mourne Mountains in the southeast region, is located in them, and the highest point in Northern Ireland Sleeve Donard (852 m). The main rivers of the region - Foyle, Upper and Lower Ban Ban.

UK population (estimated for 1998) is about 58,970,100 people, the average population density of about 241 people per km2.

Ethnic groups:

English - 81.5%

Scots-9,6%

Irish-2.4%

Welsh-1,9%

olstertsy-1.8%

Indians, Pakistanis, Chinese, Arabs, Africans.

Language: English (official).

Religion:

Anglicans, 47%;

Catholic 16%,

Muslim - 2%

Methodists, Baptists, Jews, Hindus, Sikhs.

Capital of London. Largest cities: London (7335000 people), Manchester (2277000 people), Birmingham (935,000 people), Glasgow (654,500 people), Sheffield (500,500 people), Liverpool (450,000 people), Edinburgh (421,000 people), Belfast (280,000 people) . Cardiff (272,000 people).

Polity - a constitutional monarchy. Head of State - Queen Elizabeth II (in power since February 6, 1952). Head of government Prime Minister Tony Blair. Currency - the pound sterling. Average life expectancy (1998): 1974 - male, age 79 - female. Birth rate (per 1000) - 12,0. The mortality rate (per 1000) - 10,7.

The UK is a member of the United Nations and all specialized agencies of the organization, NATO, OSCE, EU, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The British Commonwealth.

The country's climate varies from region to region. In England the climate is mild thanks to the relative warmth of its surrounding seas. The average annual temperature is about 11 ° C in the south and about 9 ° C in the north-east. The average temperature in July in London - about 18 ° C, the average temperature in January - about 4,5 ° C. The average annual rainfall (the strongest rains in October) is about 760 mm. Scotland is the coldest region in the UK, although in general the climate there is quite soft. The average January temperature is about 3 ° C in the mountains in the north often snows. The average July temperature is about 15 ° C. The highest rainfall in the west Highlands region (about 3810 mm per year) are less likely - in some eastern regions (approximately 635 mm per year). The climate of Wales as well as the climate of England, is mild and humid. The average January temperature is about 5,5 ° C. Average July - about 15,5 ° C. Average annual rainfall is about 762 mm in the central coastal region and over 2540 mm in an array of Snowdon. The climate of Northern Ireland I am a soft damp. The average annual temperature is about 10 ° C for about 14,5 ° C in July to about 4,5 ° C in January). Precipitation in the north often exceeds 1016 mm per year, on the south, however, is about 760 mm per year.

Vegetation England rather poor, forests cover less than 4% of the region, the most frequent oak, birch, pine. Among the fauna - deer, fox, rabbit, hare, badger, in birds - quail, dove, thieves and others. Reptiles, which in all the British Isles are only four species are rare in England. In the rivers of the region are found mainly salmon and trout. In Scotland, the forests are more common, although the region is dominated by heathland. Mainly in forests in southern and eastern Highlands grow oak and coniferous trees (spruce, pine and larch). The most common in Scotland and roe deer, small mammals are found among the hare, rabbit, marten, otter, wild cat. A large number of partridges and wild ducks. In rivers and lakes in Scotland a lot of salmon and trout. The coastal waters are caught cod, herring, haddock. In Wales, mostly deciduous woods: ash, oak. In mountainous areas, common conifers. The fauna is almost the same as in England, except for black ferret and martens, which are not found in England.

Britain is very rich in tourist attractions. In Northern Ireland, is "The Road of Giants" - rock formation on the northern coast, consisting of several thousands of polygonal basalt columns up to 6 m tall. According to legend, this building was built by giants as part of the way from Ireland to Scotland: In Belfast: City Hall, the Protestant Cathedral of St.. Anne, the Museum of Ulster. In the town of Inverness (Scotland): XII-century castle, the remains of the fort IV century, nearby is the famous Loch Ness, which supposedly lives a monster with affectionate name is worn. In Glasgow: ST. Muvgo (11ZD-mid XV century), Museum of Glasgow, one of the best art galleries in Britain; Hanterian Museum, Botanical Gardens, Zoo. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Castle, the Church of St.. Margaret (XI century); Castle Castle Rock, the royal residence in Scotland Palace Holirod; St. Gilles (XV century), the Scottish Parliament building (1639); house of the XVI century Protestant reformer John Nonsa, National Gallery of Scotland, National Portrait Gallery of Scotland, Royal Museum, Museum of Contemporary History, Museum of Scotland. In Edinburgh, conducted a very popular annual arts festival. In Cardiff: Cardiff Castle (XI century); Llandaf Cathedral, Church of St.. John the Baptist (XV century), the National Museum of Wales. Stratford (England): House-Museum of Shakespeare Royal Shakespeare Theatre. Universities of Oxford and Cambridge (one of the oldest in Europe) with a large number of architectural monuments from the twelfth century to today. London: British Museum, which houses the world-famous archeological finds, a collection of paintings, coins, medals, regularly held trade fairs, Victoria and Albert Museum, which is one of the most interesting museums of applied art with a rich collection of objects from virtually all countries, all styles and eras, the post of national collections of classical sculpture, photography, watercolors, Natural History Museum with magnificent collections of animals, insects, fish, dinosaur exhibition, the Museum of London's history with a collection of artifacts from Roman times to the present day, the Tate Gallery with splendid collection of British and European paintings of the late XIX-XX century, the National Gallery with a collection of Western European paintings from the XIII century to the XX Century, London dungeon - a bit eerie museum of medieval horrors of torture chambers, Madame Tussauds - the world famous wax museum, the Cathedral of St.. Paul (XVII-XVIII century), Tower of London - Museum Complex, which, in particular, kept the British crown jewels, Westminster Abbey (XI century) - a place of coronation of British monarchs, the Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament), the most famous of which is clock tower with a bell "Big Ben"; Ukingemsky Palace - the royal residence, Trafalgar Square with Nelson's Column, erected to commemorate the victory at Trafalgar, a large number of parks, among which stand out Hyde Park, with "speakers corner" Reed zhents Park with a magnificent zoo, Kew Gadnz with the greenhouse, aquarium and a "House of Butterflies", where year-round flying tropical butterflies.