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Семестровая работа по английскому языку на тему Образование в Великобритании
The Education System in Great Britain.
Great Britain does not have a written constitution, so there are no constitutional provisions for education. The system of education is determined by the National Education Act.
Education in Britain is provided by the Local Education Authority (LEA) in each county. It is financed partly by the Government and partly by local taxes. Until recently planning and organization were not controlled by central government. Each LEA was free to decide how to organize education in its own area. In September 1988, however, "The National Curriculum" was introduced, which means that there is now greater government control over what is taught in schools.
Let's outline the basic features of public education in Britain. Firstly, there are wide variations between one part of the country and another. For most educational purposes England and Wales are treated as one unit, though the system in Wales is a little different from that of England. Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own educational systems.
Secondly, education in Britain mirrors the country's social system: it is class-divided and selective. The first division is between those who pay and those who do not pay. The majority of schools in Britain are supported by public funds and the education provided is free. They are maintained schools, but there is also a considerable number of public schools. Parents must pay fees to send their children to these schools. The fees are high.
Another important feature of schooling in Britain is a variety of opportunities offered to schoolchildren. The English school syllabus is divided into Arts (or Humanities) and Sciences, which determine the division of the secondary school pupils into study groups: a Science pupil will study Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Economics, Technical Drawing, Biology, Geography; an Art pupil will do the English Language and Literature, History, foreign languages, Music, Art, Drama. Besides these subjects they must do some general education subjects like Physical Education, PE), Home Economics for girls, and Technical subjects for boys. Computers play an important part in education.
There is a system of careers education for schoolchildren in Britain. It is a three-year course.
The National Education Act of 1944 provided three stages of education: primary, secondary and further education. Compulsory schooling in England and Wales lasts 11 years, from the age of 5 to 16. After the age of 16 a growing number of school students are staying on at school, some until 18 or 19, the age of entry into a higher education in universities and Polytechnics. British university courses are rather short, generally lasting for 3 years. The cost of education depends on the college and specialty which one chooses.
Exams
At the age of 14 or 15, in the third or fourth form of secondary school, pupils begin to choose their exam subjects. In 1988 a new public examination — the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) — was introduced for 16 year-olds. This examination assesses pupils on the work they do in the 4th and 5th year at secondary school, and is often internally assessed, although there may also be an exam at the end of the course.
Pupils who stay on into the sixth form or who go on to a Sixth Form College (17 year-olds in the Lower Sixth and 18 year-olds in the Upper Sixth) usually fall into two categories. Some pupils will be retaking GCSEs in order to get better grades. Others will study two or three subjects for an "A" Level (Advanced Level) GCE exam (General Certificate of Education). This is a highly specialized exam and is necessary for University entrance.
Leaving School at Sixteen
Many people decide to leave school at the age
of 16 and go to a Further Education (FE) College. Here most of the courses
are linked to some kind of practical vocational training, for example
in engineering, typing, cooking or hairdressing. Some young people are
given "day release" (their employer allows them time off work)
so that they can follow a course to help them in their job. For those
16 year-olds who leave school and who cannot
find work but do not want to go to FE College, the Government has introduced
the Young Opportunities Scheme (YOPS). This scheme places young, unemployed
people with a business or an industry for six months so that they can
get experience of work, and pays them a small wage. They generally have
a better chance of getting a job afterwards and sometimes the company
they are placed with offers them a permanent job.
British Universities
There are 46 universities in Britain. The oldest and best-known universities are located in Oxford, Cambridge, London, Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Southampton, Cardiff, Bristol, Birmingham.
British universities differ greatly from each other. They differ in date of foundation, size, history, tradition, general organization, methods of instruction, way of student life.
The two intellectual eyes of Britain — Oxford and Cambridge universities — date back to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
The Scottish universities of St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh date back to the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
In the nineteenth and the early part of the twentieth centuries the so-called Redbrick universities were founded. These include London, Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Sheffield, and Birmingham. During the late sixties and the early seventies some 20 ''new" universities wore set up. Some-limes they are called "concrete and glass" universities Among them are the universities of Sussex, York, East Anglia and some others.
Good "A" Level results in at least two subjects are necessary to get a place at a university. However, good exam passes alone are not enough. Universities choose their students after interviews, and competition for places at university is fierce.
There is an interesting form of studies which is called the Open University. It is intended for people who study in their own free time and who "attend" lectures by watching television and listening to the radio. They keep in touch by phone and letter with their tutors and attend summer schools. The Open University students have no formal qualifications and would be unable to enter ordinary universities.
The academic year in Britain’s universities is divided into three terms, which usually run from the beginning of October to the middle of December, from the middle of January to the end of March, and from the middle of April to the end of June or the beginning of July.
After three years of study a university graduate will leave with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Science. Engineering, Medicine, etc. Later he may continue to take the Master's Degree and then the Doctor's Degree. Research is an important feature of university work.
Система Образования в Великобритании.
Великобритания не имеет письменную конституцию, так что нет никаких конституционных условий для образования. Система образования определена Актом о Национальном Образовании.
Образование в Великобритании представлено Местным Руководством Образования (МРО) в каждом округе. Финансируется частично правительством и частично местными налогами. До недавних пор планирование и организация не управлялись центральным правительством. Каждый МРО свободно решал, как будет организовано образование в его области. В Сентябре 1988 года, тем не менее, была введена " Национальная Программа", которая означала, что обучение в школе управляется государством.
Давайте обозначим
основные характеристики
Во-вторых, образование
в Великобритании отражает
Другая важная характеристика образования в Великобритании - ряд возможностей предложенных школьникам. Английская школьная программа подразделена на гуманитарные и естественные науки, которые определяют деление учеников средняя школы в группы: ученик естественных наук изучает Химию, Физику, Математику, Экономику, Технический Чертеж, Биология, География; ученик гуманитарных наук изучает Английский Язык и Литературу, Историю, иностранные языки, Музыку, Искусство, Драму. Кроме этих предметов они должны изучать некоторые общие предметы образования такие как: Физическое Воспитание, Домоводство для девушек, и Технических предметов для мальчиков. Компьютеры играют важную роль в образовании.
Есть система образования
карьеры для школьников в
Национальный Акт об образовании 1944 года предусматривал три этапа образования: начальное, среднее и высшее образование. Обязательное образование в Англии и Уэльсе продолжается 11 лет, в возрасте с 5 до 16 лет. После 16 лет большая часть школьников могут остаться в школе, некоторые до 18 или 19 лет, возраста для поступления в университеты и политехники. Длительность обучения в Британских университетах довольно коротка, обычно в течение 3 лет. Стоимость образования зависит от колледжа и выбранной специальности.
Экзамены
В возрасте 14 или
15 лет, в третьем или четвертом
классе средней школы, ученики
Ученики, которые поступают в шестой класс или, которые продолжают учиться в Шестилетнем Колледже, обычно делятся на две категории. Некоторые ученики выбирают ГДСО для того, чтобы получать лучшие оценки. Другие изучат два или три предмета для уровня "A" экзамена ГДО (Главного Документа об Образовании). Это - очень специализированный экзамен и необходим для поступления в университет.
Покидание школы в 16 лет.
Много людей решают
покинуть школу в возрасте 16 лет
и поступить в Колледж
Британские Университеты
В Великобритании 46 университетов.
Старший и самый известный
университеты расположены в
Британские университеты
существенно отличаются друг
друга. Они отличаются на дате
основания, размеру, истории,
Два интеллектуальных центра Великобритании - Оксфорд и Кембридж - относятся к двенадцатому и тринадцатому столетиям.
Шотландские университеты Св.Эндрю, Глазго, Абердина и Эдинбурга относятся к пятнадцатому и шестнадцатому столетиям.
В девятнадцатом и
ранней части двадцатого
Необходимы получить хорошие результаты уровня "A" в по крайней мере по двум предметам, что бы получать место в университете. Тем не менее, хорошо сданного экзамена недостаточно. Университеты выбирают студентов после собеседования, и конкурс мест в университете большой.
Есть интересная форма
обучения, которая названа Открытый
Университет, которая
Университетский год
в Великобритании
После трех
лет обучения в университете
выпускник получает Степенью
Бакалавра Гуманитарных наук, Точных
наук, Инженерия, Медицина, и т.п.
Позже он может получить