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Topicality. Over the last 15 years the study of negation has occupied a central position in formal linguistics. Negation has proven to be one of the core topics in syntactic and semantic theories. It is interesting for many reasons: it is present in every language in the world; it exhibits a range of variation with respect to the way it can be expressed or interpreted; it interacts with many other phenomena in natural language; and finally, due to its central position in the functional domain, it sheds light on various syntactic and semantic mechanisms and the way these different grammatical components are connected.
5) In the sentences ‘Never’ have some common features in usage with ‘not’, especially when ‘not’ is used as an adverb. However, ‘never’ does not require the dummy auxiliary ‘do’ in forming a sentence.
6) The negation in the sentence is expressed by the negative particle not. It is used to change the meaning of the verb to the opposite, what is very frequent, as it was said above.
7) The use of ‘no’ here is more emphatic than ‘not a’ or ‘not any’ when stating a negative idea.
8) In the studied examples ‘none’ has the same in meaning with ‘no’. But ‘no’ is used right before a singular or plural noun, while ‘none’ is used before the preposition ‘of’ and a determiner or a pronoun.
Conclusion
Having studied and analyzed the theoretical works we have come to the conclusion that there are different ways of negative form expressions. Negation has proven to be one of the core topics in syntactic and semantic theories. It is interesting for many reasons. First of all it is present in every language in the world. It also exhibits a range of variation with respect to the way it can be expressed or interpreted. It interacts with many other phenomena in natural language. And finally, due to its central position in the functional domain, it sheds light on various syntactic and semantic mechanisms and the way these different grammatical components are connected.
Many negative markers seem to share the same purpose – to negate; but there are subtle semantic differences among them. As each of them has its own unique features, it is important for writers to identify the specific meanings of these markers. Negative statements with a ‘not’ may have different implied meanings than those with a ‘no’, even if they can be used interchangeably sometimes. Moreover, ‘No’ is more emphatic than ‘not a’ or ‘not any’ when stating a negative idea. ‘Not’ and ‘Never’ do have some common features in usage, especially when ‘not’ is used as an adverb. For example, they must be placed in front of the main verb. However, ‘never’ does not require the dummy auxiliary ‘do’ in forming a sentence. Negative questions can be used for a variety of purposes. A negative question can be used to reconfirm a point or it can be used as an exclamation. A negative question can also soften the tone of a suggestion or ask for a confirmation of a negative belief. Negative questions can also be used as question tags. A question tag or tag question is usually appended to a statement. If the statement is positive, the tag is generally negative, and vice versa.
A double negative occurs when two forms of negation are used in the same clause. In some languages (or varieties of a language), negative forms are consistently used throughout the sentence to express a single negation. In other languages, a double negative is used to negate a negation, and therefore, it resolves to a positive. In the former case, triple and quadruple negation can also be seen, which leads to the terms multiple negation or negative concord.
We found out that all affixes can be studied from two criteria: morphological and derivational. These two criteria were very useful in the further classificational analyses. We also studied one of the morphemic classifications and stated the place of affixes there.
Analyzing the examples from the novel, news paper style and scientific style we made a conclusion, what negative markers are used in these functional styles. After giving the examples of the negative affixes in context, we singled out several words containing them and gave a complete descriptive analysis of the negative affixes using all the possible ways of classification studied earlier.
Making this diploma paper, we gave a general overview to affixation as a way of word formation, familiarized ourselves with English negative affixes, learned how they differ in shades of meaning from each other, and learned to differentiate them. We studied which affixes are used with stems of different parts of speech and saw which of them are able to transform words of one part of speech into another, studied the peculiarities of their usage. It is very useful for a linguist and a translator, it can be a great help especially in our future study and work.
In our diploma work we have analyzed 90 sentences with negative markers, taken from the different works. Our practical part has shown the importance of usage of negative form expressions in our life, roved that the different forms and categories of negation make our writing, speech and literature rich, bright, colorful and accessible. The investigation of several works of Modern English writers and some newspaper articles helped us to analyze how the forms of negation are used in fiction, science fiction and newspaper. In all works we could find all categories and forms of negative forms mentioned in the theoretical part of our thesis. Negative form expressions were in almost every sentence of analyzed works, even sometimes there were more than three negative markers in one sentence. It shows us the importance of usage of negative forms in our life. Negative form expressions are frequently used. Their usage becomes usual phenomena in English grammar. Our research helped us to clear up that different authors prefer the use of one forms of negative markers to others and it depends not only on the genre used, but also on the individual style of the writer.
Thus, we approve that our hypothesis that was put at the beginning of our work was proved and the results of our research have affirmed the position suggested.
So, this diploma work can be used for studying and teaching this phenomenon in the course English grammar and for learning their meaning more deeply.
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