An outstanding person of the England: Leonardo da Vinci

    It is well known that Leonardo da Vinci also developed the drawing "ancestor" of the modern helicopter. The radius of the screw should make 4.8 m. The plan is a scientist, he had metal edging and linen covering. Screw was set in motion by people who walked around the axle and pushing the levers. "I think that if this screw mechanism solidly made, that is made of starched linen (to avoid tearing) and rapidly promoted, he will find support in the air and soar high into the air" - da Vinci wrote in his works.

    One of the most essential things to teach a man swimming - a lifeline. This invention Leonardo remained virtually unchanged.

    To speed up the navigation scientists have developed a scheme of webbed gloves, which eventually turned into a well-known flippers.

    Hard to believe, but to facilitate the work of Leonardo's work came up with ... excavators that were more designed for lifting and transportation of excavated material than to dig itself. Scientists maintain that the excavators could be needed for the project diversion of the river Arno. It was supposed to dig a moat of width 18 m and a length of 6 m. Images of the inventor give an idea about the size of the machine and the channel which had to dig out. Crane with barbells of various lengths was interesting because it could be used with multiple balances at two or more levels of excavation. Boom deployed at 180 ° and blocked the entire width of the channel. Excavator mounted on rails and, as work progressed, moved forward through the screw mechanism at the central rail.

    One of the most famous paintings of Leonardo is the ancient development of the car. Self-propelled wagon had to go through complicated crossbow mechanism, which would transmit the energy of the drives connected to the wheel. Rear-wheel drive had differentiated and were able to move independently. The fourth wheel is connected to the wheel, with which you can control the cart. Originally, this vehicle is intended to amuse the royal court and referred to a number of self-propelled vehicles that were created by other engineers of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

    Some scientist's invention of mankind dares to try just now: for example, in the Norwegian town of Assembly in 2001, opened the 100-meter long pedestrian bridge designed by Leonardo da Vinci. This was the first time in 500 years, when the architectural design master, far ahead of his time, was the real embodiment ..

    Leonardo da Vinci designed this building for the Sultan: A bridge had to be placed across the bay of the Golden Horn in Istanbul. If the project was implemented, the bridge would be the longest bridge of its time - its length was 346 meters. However, Leonardo did not realize his project - the Sultan Bajazet II refused to accept the Florentine artist.

    True, the new bridge is inferior to its medieval prototype in length - 100 meters instead of 346 - but it is exactly the same as all the design and aesthetic qualities of the project Leonardo. This bridge serves as a pedestrian crossing, thrown at a height of 8 meters above the highway E-18, 35 km south of Oslo. During its construction had to sacrifice just one idea of ​​Leonardo da Vinci - as a building material was used by the tree, whereas 500 years ago, plans to build a bridge of stone.

    In 2002, Britain was also recreated one of the great inventions of Leonardo da Vinci: in the sky over Surrey, was successfully tested a prototype of the modern hang glider, to gather accurate in his drawings.

    Test flights from the hills of Surrey conducted twice world champion in hang-gliding Judy Liden. She managed to raise the "protodeltaplan" The Da Vinci to the maximum height of 10 m and hang in the air 17 seconds. That was enough to prove that the device actually works.

    The flights were conducted in a pilot television project. The unit has recreated the familiar figures around the world 42-year-old mechanic from Bedfordshire Steve Roberts.

    Medieval gliding like a bird skeleton on top. It is made of Italian poplar, cane, and tendons of animals and flax, processed glaze derived from secretions of beetles.

    Itself flying machine was far from perfect. "Manage it was almost impossible. I flew wherever the wind blew, and could not do anything about it. Maybe, just felt like a test of the first in the history of the car "- said Judy.

    What he thought of Leonardo da Vinci, "if a person has a canopy of dense tissue, each of whose sides is 12 long arms and height - 12, he can jump, can not break, with any considerable height." To test this device he himself could not, however, in December 2000, the British skydiver Adrian Nicholas in South Africa descended from a height of 3 thousand meters from the balloon with a parachute made for a sketch by Leonardo da Vinci. The descent was a success.

    Inventions

    List of inventions, both real and ascribed to him

    Parachute - 1483

    Kolestsovy Castle

    Bike

    Tank

    Lightweight, portable bridges for the army.

    Spotlight

    Catapult

    Robot

    Two-lens telescope. 

    2.3 Thinker 

    The Last Supper (1498)

    Creator of "The Last Supper" and "Mona Lisa" came into its own as a thinker, realized early the need for theoretical justification of artistic practice: "Those who are given to practice without knowledge are like the sailor who goes on the road without a rudder and compass ... the practice should always be based on good knowledge of the theory. "

    Requiring in-depth study of the artist depicted objects, Leonardo da Vinci was carrying all his observations into a notebook, which is always carried with him. The result was a kind of intimate diary, the like of which no in the world literature. Drawings, diagrams and sketches are accompanied by brief notes on perspective, architecture, music, science, military engineering and the like, all this interspersed with a variety of sayings, philosophical speculations, allegories, anecdotes, fables. Taken together, recording the 120 books provide material for a vast encyclopedia. However, he did not seek to publish their thoughts and even resorted to cryptography, the full transcript of his records is not done until now.

    Recognizing the sole criterion of truth - the experience, contrasting the method of observation and induction of abstract speculation, Leonardo da Vinci, not only in word but in deed inflicts a mortal blow medieval scholasticism, with its predilection for abstract logical formulas and deduction. For Leonardo da Vinci's good to talk - it means the right to think, that is, to think independently, as the ancients did not recognize any authority. Since Leonardo da Vinci comes to a denial not only of scholasticism, this echo of medieval feudal culture, and humanism, the product still fledgling bourgeois thought, frozen in a superstitious reverence for the authority of the ancients. Denying a book scholarship, declaring the task of science (and art) knowledge of things, Leonardo da Vinci, Montaigne anticipates the attacks on scientists Barrister and opens one hundred years before Galileo and Bacon era of new science.

    ... Empty and full scientific fallacies those who are not generated by experience, the father of all credibility, and not completed in a visual experience ...

    No human investigation can not be called true science, unless it went through mathematical proofs. And if you say that the sciences which begin and end with a thought, have the truth, then it can not agree with you ... because in such a purely mental reasoning is not involved experience, without which there is no certainty. 

    2.4 Literature 

    Mona Lisa (1503-1505/1506)

    The vast literary legacy of Leonardo da Vinci came to our days in a chaotic form of manuscripts written in his left hand. Although Leonardo da Vinci was not printed one single line, but in his notes he constantly addressed to an imaginary reader, and all the last years of life did not leave thinking about the issue of his labors.

    After the death of Leonardo da Vinci, his friend and pupil Francesco Melzi choose the passages relating to the painting of which was subsequently linked "Treatise on Painting» (Trattato della pittura, 1 st ed., 1651). The full manuscript is a legacy of Leonardo da Vinci was published only in the XIX-XX centuries. In addition to the enormous scientific and historical significance, it also has artistic value due to a concise, vigorous syllable and extremely clean language. Living in the heyday of humanism, when the Italian was considered minor compared with the Latin, Leonardo da Vinci's contemporaries admired the beauty and expressiveness of his speech (according to legend he was a good improviser), but did not consider himself a writer and wrote, as he said, his prose is so - sample of the spoken language of the intelligentsia of the XV century, and it spared her from a total of artificiality and grandiloquent inherent prose humanists, although in some passages of didactic writings of Leonardo da Vinci, we find echoes of the pathos of humanistic style.

    Even in the least "poetic" by the plan fragments syllable Leonardo da Vinci's vivid imagery is different, so his "Treatise on Painting" has a great description (for example, the famous description of the flood), affecting verbal skill transfer pictorial and plastic images. Along with the descriptions, which feels way artist-painter, Leonardo da Vinci gives in his writings many samples of narrative prose: fable, fatsetsii (humorous short stories), aphorisms, allegories, prophecy. In fables and fatsetsiyah Leonardo is at the level of prose XIV century, with their simple-hearted practical morality, and some of his novels are indistinguishable from fatsetsii Sacchetti.

    More fantastic character are allegory and prophecy: in the first Leonardo da Vinci, uses techniques of medieval encyclopedias and bestiaries; are second nature humorous riddles with different brightness and accuracy phraseology and imbued with a caustic, almost Voltaire irony directed at the famous preacher Girolamo Savonarola. Finally, in the aphorisms of Leonardo da Vinci is expressed in epigrammatic form his philosophy of nature, his thoughts about the inner essence of things. Literature was for him a purely utilitarian, utility value. 

    2.5 Aphorisms of Leonardo da Vinci 

    Iron rusts, finding himself application, standing water or rotting in the cold, freezing, and the human mind does not find application, languishes.

    Wisdom is the daughter of experience.

    Happiness accrues to those who worked hard.

    Painter argues, and competes with nature.

    Painting - it's poetry that is seen, and poetry - is the painting that you hear.

    Painter, pointless make rubbings, guided practice, and judgments eyes, like a mirror that reflects all opposed to his subjects, not having knowledge of them.

    Who lives in fear, and he dies of fright.

    Who wants to get rich during the day will be hanged within a year.

    Experience is the true teacher.

    Zeal for practice without science - like pilot, coming on the ship without a compass.

    Love can be just what you know.

    Better to be deprived of respect than to get tired to benefit.

    Pitiful is the student who does not exceed his teacher.

    The enemy who seeks your mistakes is more useful than a friend who wants to hide them.

    Who do not appreciate life, is not worthy of it.

    Where does hope, there arises a void.

    4.Mystery of Leonardo da Vinci

    Mysteries of Leonardo da Vinci begins from the moment he was born April 15, 1452. For example, almost nothing is known about his mother, except that it was a certain peasant named Caterina.

    About his childhood memories, he writes: "I have come to mind as a very early recollection, that when I was still lying in the cradle, a kite came to me, opened my mouth with its tail, and many times its tail touched my lips." Maybe that's why later Leonardo bought at the market birds, and then left for the city to release them at will.

    Even in his youth he was fond of botany, geology, observe the flight of birds, play of sunlight and shadow, movement of water. At the same time, he was like no other skilled in the art. When his teacher Verrocchio, entrusted him to write the head of an angel in his painting "Baptism of Christ, saw the magic that has managed to create on canvas of Leonardo, he broke the hearts of his brush, and vowed never to touch the paint.

    Leonardo possessed uncommon strength and could effortlessly tie a shoe in a knot. He skillfully played on the harp, sang and was very courteous. He had an irresistible look. Contemporaries, despite its flowing auburn hair, cried out: "Neither the incomparable splendor of its extraordinary beauty and serenity gives every sad soul."

    At the same time, he possessed a wonderful sense of humor, and even in adulthood could selflessly to laugh and joke. Based in the Vatican, in Belvedere Palace, he was telling everyone that he lives at home this dragon. It was a lizard, which he cleverly has attached horns, a beard and wings. According to the testimony of Vasari, his biographer, Leonardo kept her in a special box and showed them to friends, who fled in fear.

    Amaze notebooks left by the maestro. They can find a list of daily chores, which is more like a poem: "See how clouds are formed and break up, and why one wave appears to be more blue than the other, to describe the reasons for the snow and hail, and in the air creates new shapes and new leaves on trees, and icicles on the rocks in cold places. "

    Few people understand the true cause of some deeds da Vinci. After all, the caterpillar, which lies on the road, the artist has carefully laid in the grass, so as not trampled. Indeed it was in Leonardo's something that puts it beyond even the universally recognized human genius. Not accidentally, Dmitry Merezhkovsky, who wrote the novel "Leonardo da Vinci", compared him to a man who woke up too early, even when everyone is asleep.

    He himself, despite his outrageous and very popular at the court of Ludovico Sforza, which arranged the enchanting dances - Masquerades, was a very secretive man. He wrote from right to left, turning over some letters upside down, so read the entries can only have been using a mirror, and even then not always.

    Nevertheless, in contemplation of his masterpieces, including "Mona Lisa", which, according to some researchers, is a self-portrait of his feminine essence, takes the breath away today.

    His "Canon of proportions, where the person is inscribed in a square, became well known symbol, color sketches, anatomical fragments, horses, flying birds and water flow - and still remain unsurpassed.

    As an architect, he participated in the construction of the cathedrals of Milan and Pavia, as well as the French king in the castle of Blois. As an inventor, he developed drawings helicopter, armored tank guided missile, submarine, mortar, parachute and other wonders.

    They were invented - retractable ladder (it is used and firefighters now), three-speed gearbox, Vintorez, bike, snorkel for divers, a revolving stage, folding furniture, water alarm, medical chair, and much more. He has developed numerous devices that save manual labor, and laid the foundation for industrial automation. But, being by nature a humanist, he knowingly makes minor errors in his drawings to his inventions have not used in evil purposes.

    Leonardo - the scientist is practically the founder of modern anatomy and botany. He was the first who sketched the structure of internal organs, examined fetal development, and made plaster casts of the brain. He was interested in everything - from the devices of human vision to the stars. Incidentally, in the Middle Ages, scientists believed that the human eye emits a beam of light that falls on objects, allows them to perceive. Leonardo found that on the contrary, the sunlight enters the eye, and thus we see.

    He anticipated the landmark discoveries of Copernicus, Galileo, Newton and Darwin. For 40 years before Copernicus, he wrote in large letters, to emphasize the importance of his discovery: "IL SOLE NO SI MUOVE" - "The sun does not move." Even before Galileo, he suggested using "a large magnifying glass" to examine the surface of celestial bodies. 200 years before Newton, he discovered the law of universal gravitation: "Any burden tends to fall toward the center of the shortest path. The whole earth shall be spherical.

    As an ordinary person could make all of this? I feel like saying: "Yes, it's just a living hero of the novel Strugatskikh" It's hard to be a god. "There is a version that he had spoken with representatives of extraterrestrial civilizations that gave him a piece of their knowledge. According to another theory, he was a resident of another planet, which incarnated on Earth to give new impetus to the development of earthlings.

    Some researchers say the existence of the Earth eternal "enlightened" beings who possess the abilities first man and always keep your memory, as ordinary people, it is erased. Their speed of thought disproportionately higher than that of modern humans. They live now in the remote areas of the Earth and members of their family regularly translated into ordinary people to raise their consciousness. There is a version that Leonardo - one of them.

    It seems that in truth without the help of aliens there has not been. No one had ever dared to think that Leonardo was able to make, but sadly he asked with himself at the end of life: "Was there anything at all done?". 

    3 End of Life 

    Leonardo was present at the date of King Francis I from Pope Leo X in Bologna, 19 December 1515. [6] [7] Francis requested the master to design a mechanical lion that could walk out of my chest which appeared to a bouquet of lilies. [8] Perhaps the lion welcomed King Lyon and was used during negotiations with the pope. [9] In 1516, Leonardo accepted an invitation from the king and lived in the castle of Clos-Luce, near the royal castle of Amboise. Here he spent the last three years living with his friend and disciple, Francesco Melzi, receiving a pension about 10000 poor. [10]

    In France, Leonardo is almost painted. At the master's right hand was numb and he could hardly move without assistance. For the third year of life in Amboise 67-year-old Leonardo spent in bed. April 23, 1519, he left a will, and died May 2, surrounded by students and their masterpieces at Clos-Luce. According to Vasari, da Vinci died at the hands of King Francis I, his close friend. This malodostovernaya, but widespread in France legend is reflected in the paintings of Ingres, Angelica Kauffmann, and many other painters. Leonardo da Vinci was buried in the castle of Amboise. On the tombstone was knocked out the inscription: "Within the walls of the monastery were buried by Leonardo da Vinci, great artist, engineer and architect of the French kingdom."