An outstanding person of the England: Leonardo da Vinci

Ministry of Education 

Ufa Branch

Russian State Social University 

        

   

    
 
 
 

Abstract

the discipline:

«English»

On: an outstanding person of the England 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

                                            Performed: student 2 nd year gr. Wed

                                                                                             Kunakbaeva AZ

                    Checked: Frolova Z N 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

                                                 Ufa 2011

 

                                             Content 
 

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...3

1 Biography…………………………………………………………………………...4

1.1 Early years……………………………………………………………………...…6

1.2 Mature period of creativity.……………………………………………………….7        1.3 Late works………………………………………………………………………...9

1.4 Painting, drawing………………………………………………………………...10

2 Achievements………………………………………………………………………11

2.1 Arts………………………………………………………………………………11

2. 2 Thinker. ……………………………………………………………………........15

2. 3 Literature………………………………………………………………………...17

2.4 Aphorisms of Leonardo da Vinci………………………………………………..18

2.5 Mystery of Leonardo da Vinci…………………………………………………..19

3 End of Life…………………………………………………………………………21

References…………………………………………………………………………...23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

                                                      Introduction 

    If you're lonely, then wholly owned by himself. If your side is at least one person, then you belong to themselves only half or even less in proportion to the thoughtlessness of his conduct, and if your side is more than one person, you're immersed in a lamentable state of deeper and deeper. This sort of activity, known as painting, requires imagination and skill of hand, as intended to open an invisible, hidden in the shadow of visible objects, and capture it with a brush, giving a clear view of the fact, there is not enough He is sincere, who do not have the same deep interest in everything in the picture, for example, if someone has no taste for landscape thinks that landscape requires a more concise and elementary study. That's why our Botticelli considers it a special elaboration in vain, saying that if you throw a sponge soaked in paint on the wall, the wall will be a spot where anyone can see the beautiful landscape. It may be true, and anyone really can not see anything in that spot, unless of course he will want to examine and human heads and various animals, battles, and the cliffs and the sea and clouds, and forests, and other such things; just about the sounds of bells, we can say that they heard any words that a person only wants to hear. But despite the fact that these spots can help gazing at them in inventing different varieties, they would never teach the artist how to bring the idea to the end. And an artist writes a miserable landscape. River water that you touch his hand, is the latest, which is already flowing out, and the first that just rushed, and the same happens with a moment of time. The artist two objectives: the man and manifestation of his soul. The first is simple, the second is hard, because he must disclose it by means of motion. Mathematics - the only science, which contains its own proof. Mechanics - a paradise for Mathematical Sciences, because it can help you enjoy the fruits of mathematics.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

      1 Biography  

        Italian painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, technician, scientist, mathematician, anatomist, botanist, musician and philosopher of the High Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci Born April 15, 1452 in the town of Vinci, near Florence. His parents were 25-year-old notary Piero and his lover, a peasant woman Caterina. He was the illegitimate son of a Florentine notary and a peasant girl; raised in his father's house and, being the son of an educated man, received a thorough basic education in reading, writing and numeracy. Early Life Leonardo spent with her mother. His father soon married a wealthy and noble girl, but the marriage was childless, and Piero took his three sons in foster care. Separated from his mother all his life Leonardo was trying to recreate her image in their masterpieces. He lived in that time my grandfather. In Italy at that time to an illegitimate child treated almost as the legitimate heirs. Many influential people of the city of Vinci, took part in the future of Leonardo. When Leonardo was 13 years old, his stepmother died in childbirth. Father married again - and again soon left a widower. He lived for 67 years, was four times married and had 12 children. My father tried to attach to the Leonardo family profession, but to no avail: the son was not interested in the laws of society.

    Leonardo had no surname in the modern sense, "da Vinci" simply means "(originally) from the town of Vinci. His full name - Italy. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, that is," Leonardo, son of Mr. Piero from Vinci. " Piero da Vinci died at 77 years (in 1504), for his life had four wives and was the father of ten sons and two daughters (the last child was born, when he was 75 years old). About Leonardo's mother almost nothing is known: in his biographies often mention certain "young peasant woman, " Mrs.. In the Renaissance to the illegitimate are often treated as children born in wedlock. Leonardo was immediately recognized by his father, but after birth, was sent with his mother in the village Anhialo. In 4 years he was taken into the family's father, where he received naachlnoe education: reading, writing, mathematics, Latin. One of the features of Leonardo da Vinci - his handwriting: Leonardo was left-handed and wrote from right to left, turning over the letters so that the text easier to read using a mirror, but if the letter was addressed to someone else, he wrote, traditionally. When Pierre was 30, he moved to Florence and settled in his job. To find a job for his son, his father took him to Florence. Being illegitimate birth, Leonardo could not be a lawyer or a doctor and his father decided to make him an artist. At that time, artists were considered craftsmen and did not belong to the elite, stood just above the tailors, but Florence had for painters much more respect than in other city-states.

    In 1467-1472 he studied at the Leonardo Andrea del Verrocchio - one of the leading artists of that period - the sculptor, bronzoliteyschik, jeweler, host of festivities, one of the representatives of the Tuscan school of painting. Leonardo the artist's talent was recognized by the teacher and the audience when the young artist was barely twenty years: Verrocchio was commissioned to paint a picture "Baptism of Christ" (Uffizi Gallery, Florence), secondary figures were to write the disciples of the artist. For paintings were then used tempera paints - egg yolk, water, vinegar and colored pigment - and in most cases, the picture is dim. Leonardo ventured to write a piece of his angel and the landscape recently discovered oil paints. According to legend, after seeing the work of the student, Verrocchio, said that "it surpassed, and now all of a person would write only Leonardo. He possessed several techniques picture: Italian pencil, silver, sanguine, pen.

    In 1472 Leonardo was accepted into the guild of painters - the guild of St. Luke, but stayed in the house of Verrocchio. Own workshop in Florence, he opened between 1476 and 1478 years. April 8, 1476 Leonardo da Vinci on the denunciation has been charged with a garden and was arrested along with three friends. While in Florence sadomeya was a crime, and the supreme measure was burned at the stake. Judging from the records of that time, many doubted the guilt of Leonardo nor the prosecutor nor the witnesses have not been found. Avoid a severe sentence, probably helped, and that among those arrested was the son of one of the nobles of Florence: it was the court but was released after a little guilty of flogging. In 1482, having received an invitation to the court of the ruler of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, Leonardo da Vinci's suddenly gone from Florence. Ludovico Sforza, considered the most hated tyrant in Italy, but Leonardo decided that Sforza would be better for him the patron than the Medicis who ruled Florence and vzlyubivshie Leonardo. Initially, the duke took him in as host of court holidays, for which Leonardo invented not only the masks and costumes, but also the mechanical "miracles". Gorgeous feasts were working on augmenting the glory of the Duke Lodovico. For salaries lower than that of the court dwarf, in the castle of the Duke of Leonardo Acting Military Engineer, Water, court painter, and later - the architect and engineer. At the same time Leonardo has "worked over", engaging in several areas of science and technology at the same time, but for most of the work he did not pay as Sforza paid no attention to his invention.

    In the years 1484-1485 about 50 thousand people have died from the plague in Milan. Leonardo da Vinci, who believed the reason for this overcrowding of the city and grime that prevailed in the narrow streets, invited Duke to build a new city. According to the plan of Leonardo city was composed of 10 districts to 30 thousand inhabitants in each district should have its own sewage system, the width of the narrowest streets should have been equal to the average height of a horse (after a few centuries, the State Council in London found the ideal proportions proposed by Leonardo and ordered to follow them in by new streets). The project is an urban setting, as well as many other technical ideas of Leonardo, Duke denied. Leonardo da Vinci was asked to establish the Milan Academy of Fine Arts. For teaching, he composed a treatise on painting, light, shadow, movement, theory and practice, the term movements of the human body, the proportions of the human body. In Milan there Lombard school, which consisted of pupils of Leonardo. In 1495 at the request of Ludovico Sforza, Leonardo started painting his "Last Supper" on the wall of the refectory of the Dominican monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan. 22 July 1490 Leonardo lodged in his house of the young Giacomo Kaprotti (he later began to call the boy Salai - "Demon"). Whatever the young man got up, Leonardo forgave him everything. Relations with Salaam were the most constant in his life of Leonardo da Vinci, who had no family (no wife, no children, he did not want to), and after his death Salai inherited many paintings by Leonardo. After the fall of Ludovico Sforza, Leonardo left Milan.

    "Madonna Litta» (Madonna Litta, 1478-1482, The Hermitage, St. Petersburg)

    Over the years he lived in Venice (1499, 1500), Florence (1500-1502, 1503-1506, 1507), Mantua (1500), Milan (1506, 1507-1513), Rome (1513-1516). In 1516 (1517) accepted the invitation of Francis I and went to Paris. Leonardo da Vinci did not like the long sleep, was a vegetarian. According to some accounts of Leonardo da Vinci was well built, possessed great physical strength, not bad had a background in the arts of chivalry, horsemanship, dancing, fencing. In mathematics, it attracted only what you can see, so for him it is primarily composed of geometry and laws of proportion.

    Leonardo da Vinci was trying to determine the coefficients of friction, and studied the resistance of the materials involved in hydraulics modeling. For those areas that byliinteresny Leonardo da Vinci included acoustics, anatomy, astronomy, aeronautics, botany, geology, hydraulics, cartography, mathematics, mechanics, optics, designing weapons, civil and military construction, urban planning. Leonardo da Vinci died on May 2, 1519 in Castle Cloud near Amboise (Touraine, France).

    Among the works of Leonardo da Vinci - paintings, murals, drawings, anatomical drawings, laid the foundation for the emergence of scientific illustrations, works of architecture, engineering construction projects, notebooks and manuscripts (about 7,000 sheets), "Treatise on Painting" (Leonardo began to write a treatise even in Milan at the request of the Sforza, who wanted to know what art is more generous - a sculpture or painting, the final version was drafted after the death of Leonardo da Vinci's disciple Francesco Melzi F.).  

     1.1 Early years 

    The first dated work (1473, Uffizi) - a small sketch of the river valley, visible from the valley, on the one side there is the castle, on the other - the wooded hillside. This sketch, made a rapid pen strokes, evidence of the continued interest of the artist to atmospheric phenomena, which he later wrote much in his notes. Landscape portrayed with a high viewpoint overlooking the floodplain of the river, was the usual reception for Florentine art, 1460's (although he has always served as a background picture). Figure silver pencil ancient warrior in profile (mid 1470's, the British Museum) shows the full maturity of Leonardo as a draftsman, it skillfully combines the weak, languid and intense, the elastic line and attention to gradually simulated light and shade surfaces, creating a living, quivering image.

    Undated painting "The Annunciation" (mid 1470-ies, the Uffizi) has been attributed to Leonardo da Vinci only in the 19 century, perhaps more correct to consider it as a result of collaboration between Leonardo and Verrocchio. It has a few weak moments, such as too drastic a promising reduction in the building on the left or poorly developed in the future scaling relation figure of Our Lady and a lectern. But in other respects, especially in thin and soft modeling, as well as in the treatment of misty landscape with a loom in the background of the mountain, the picture belongs to the hand of Leonardo, it can be concluded from the study of his later works. The question of whether he belongs to the composite design is an open question. Muted in comparison with the works of his contemporaries color anticipate later works by the artist.

    Verrocchio painting "Baptism of Christ (Uffizi) is not dated, although presumably can be placed in the first half of 1470's. Giorgio Vasari, one of Leonardo's first biographer, says that he wrote the piece left of the two angels who turned in profile. Head of an angel tenderly modeled light and shadow, soft and meticulous image surface texture, different from the more linear treatment of the angel on the right. It seems that the involvement of Leonardo in this picture spread on the misty landscape depicting the river and some parts of the figure of Christ, who painted in oil, although in other parts of the pictures used tempera. Such a difference in the technique suggests that Leonardo probably finished now, did not finish Verrocchio; unlikely artists working on it simultaneously.

    Portrait of Ginevra dei Bench (about 1478, Washington, National Gallery) - probably the first painting by Leonardo da Vinci, written by yourself. Board cut of about 20 cm from the bottom, so it disappeared crossed arms a young woman (this is known from comparison with preserved imitation of the picture). In this portrait of Leonardo does not seek to penetrate into the inner world of the model, but as a demonstration of perfect possession of soft, almost monochrome black and white picture of the modeling, this has no equal. Behind the visible branches of juniper (in Italian - ginevra) and be covered with a damp misty landscape.

    Portrait of Ginevra dei Bench and the "Benois Madonna" (St. Petersburg, Hermitage), which is preceded by a series of tiny sketches of Madonna and Child, probably the last painting, completed in Florence. Unfinished "St. Jerome", very similar in style to the "Adoration of the Magi, also can be dated to the time around 1480. These paintings are simultaneously the first of the surviving sketches of military machinery. Trained as a painter, but trying to be a military engineer, Leonardo abandoned the work on "The Adoration of the Magi" and rushed to find new challenges and new life in Milan. 

    1.2 Mature period of creativity 

    Despite the fact that Leonardo da Vinci went to Milan in the hope of a career engineer, the first order, which he received in 1483, was the manufacture of the altar of the image for the chapel of the Immaculate Conception - Madonna of the Rocks "(Louvre, the attribution by Leonardo later version of the London National Gallery contested). Kneeling Maria looks at the Christ child and the little John the Baptist, while the angel, pointing to John, looking at the viewer. Shapes are the triangle in the foreground. It seems that the figures are separated from the viewer light haze, the so-called Sfumato (vagueness and ambiguity of contours, soft shadow), which now becomes a feature paintings by Leonardo. Behind them are visible in the twilight cave stalactites and stalagmites and be covered by fog slow flowing water. Landscape seems weird, but keep in mind the statement by Leonardo that painting - it is a science. As can be seen from the figures, concurrent pattern, it was based on careful observations of geological phenomena. This applies to the images of plants: You can not only identify them with a certain type, but also to see that Leonardo knew the properties of plants to turn toward the sun.

    In mid-1480 s Leonardo painted "Lady with an Ermine" (Museum of Cracow), which is probably the favorite portrait of Ludovico Sforza Cecilia Gallerani. The contours of the figure of woman with beast outlined bends lines that are repeated throughout the song, and this, combined with muted colors and subtle shades of skin, gives the impression of perfect grace and beauty. The beauty of "Lady with an Ermine" is in stark contrast with the sketches of grotesque monsters that Leonardo studied the extreme anomalies in the structure of the face.

    In Milan, Leonardo da Vinci began making records, and about 1490 he focused on two disciplines: architecture and anatomy. He made sketches of several design alternatives centrally-domed church (ravnokonechny cross the central part of which is blocked by a dome) - the type of architectural structure that was previously recommended by Alberti for the reason that it represents one of the ancient types of churches and is based on the most perfect form - circle. Leonardo drew a plan and perspective views of the entire structure, which identified the mass distribution and configuration of internal space. Around this time he obtained the skull and made a cross-section, which first opened sinus skull. Notes around the figures suggest that it is primarily interested in the nature and structure of the brain. Of course, these drawings were intended for purely research purposes, but they are striking in their beauty and resemblance to the sketches of architectural projects that also on those and other shows partitions that divide the indoor space.

    While living in Milan, Leonardo constantly worked on the project a huge equestrian monument to Francesco Sforza, Ludovico's father, who in final form was to be placed on a six-meter pedestal, and is cast from 90 tons of bronze. Ironically, recalling Leonardo's interest in military affairs, intended for a monument bronze was used for casting cannon, and his clay model was destroyed in 1499 during the French invasion. "Last Supper". Reflections of Leonardo about space, linear perspective and the expression of various emotions in the painting resulted in the creation of the fresco "The Last Supper," written in the experimental technique on the far end wall refectory of the convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan in 1495-1497, respectively. With the help of Leonardo illyuzionisticheskih extended real space of the hall in the picturesque region of space, with a high table at which sat the Christ and the apostles. He depicted the moment when Christ said: "Verily I say unto you, that one of you shall betray me" as a psychological explosion. Christ - the center of the composition around which the storm of emotions going. All funds are used to bring the eye to the figure of Christ: the primary colors of clothing (red and blue), the silhouette that stands against the window. The figure of Judas (the fourth to the right of Christ) has been moved from its usual place on the outside of the table, his image along with the other apostles further enhances the drama of what is happening. The Twelve Apostles divided into four groups of three and shows bowed to Christ or otpryanuvshimi from him. Since the location of the thirteen people on one side of the table somewhat unnatural, and their direct comparison raises the emotional intensity and disappearing into the depths of the prospect (room is shown as a trapezoid) creates the effect of pushing out the figures for the spectator. Perhaps drawing inspiration from his friend Luca Pacioli (c. 1445-1517), a book whose "On the Divine Proportion (1509) Leonardo made a few illustrations, murals, he built the track in the system of proportions, similar relations of musical intervals, the idea subsequently fell the basis of creativity of the architect Andrea Palladio.