Внешняя политика КНР в период Маоизма

 ÊÍÐ âñå åùå íå âîññòàíîâëåíî â ïîëíîì îáúåìå îáùåãîñóäàðñòâåííîå ïëàíèðîâàíèå. Ïîñëå óïîìèíàíèÿ î ÷åòâåðòîì ïÿòèëåòíåì ïëàíå â êîíöå 1970 ãîäà íèêàêèõ êîíêðåòíûõ ñâåäåíèé î íåì íå ïîÿâèëîñü íè â êèòàéñêîé ïðåññå, íè â âûñêàçûâàíèÿõ ïåêèíñêèõ ëèäåðîâ.

 ïîñëåäíèå 2 - 3 ãîäà êèòàéñêîå ðóêîâîäñòâî âûíóæäåíî âíîñèòü íåêîòîðûå êîððåêòèâû â ðåøåíèå ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ âîïðîñîâ, òàê êàê ïðàêòèêà ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî îäíè âîåííî-àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûå ìåðû íå îáåñïå÷èâàþò íåîáõîäèìîé òðóäîâîé àêòèâíîñòè ðàáî÷èõ è êðåñòüÿí. Ïîýòîìó êèòàéñêîå ðóêîâîäñòâî âûíóæäåíî äåêëàðèðîâàòü íåîáõîäèìîñòü ñîáëþäåíèÿ ïðèíöèïà îïëàòû ïî òðóäó. Íî è â ïðîïàãàíäå ýòîãî ïðèíöèïà è â åãî îñóùåñòâëåíèè íà ïðàêòèêå äîïóñêàåòñÿ íåïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü è ðàçíîðå÷èâîñòü. Ïåêèíñêèå âëàñòè ïî-ïðåæíåìó ðåøèòåëüíî âûñòóïàþò ïðîòèâ îñóùåñòâëåíèÿ ïðèíöèïà ìàòåðèàëüíîé çàèíòåðåñîâàííîñòè òðóäÿùèõñÿ â ðåçóëüòàòàõ ñâîåãî òðóäà.

 ïðîìûøëåííîñòè îïëàòà òðóäà ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ íà îñíîâå ïîâðåìåííîé ñèñòåìû â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ âîñåìüþ ðàçðÿäàìè òàðèôíîé ñåòêè, êîòîðûå ïðèñâàèâàþòñÿ ðàáî÷èì ñ ó÷åòîì èõ êâàëèôèêàöèè, ñòàæà è "ïîëèòè÷åñêîé àêòèâíîñòè". Ïðåìèàëüíûõ âûïëàò, êàê ïðàâèëî, íå ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ, íå îïëà÷èâàåòñÿ òàêæå è ñâåðõóðî÷íàÿ ðàáîòà.  1972 ãîäó êèòàéñêîå ðóêîâîäñòâî ïðîâåëî "óïîðÿäî÷åíèå" çàðàáîòíîé ïëàòû íèçøèõ êàòåãîðèé ðàáî÷èõ è ñëóæàùèõ, íî ýòî áûëî âûçâàíî ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì ïîëèòè÷åñêèìè ñîîáðàæåíèÿìè.  ÊÍÐ äî ñèõ ïîð íåò îïëà÷èâàåìûõ îòïóñêîâ äëÿ ðàáî÷èõ è ñëóæàùèõ.

 ñåëüñêîì õîçÿéñòâå (â äåðåâíå ïðîæèâàåò ñâûøå 80 ïðîöåíòîâ íàñåëåíèÿ ñòðàíû) ñèñòåìà ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ â îñíîâíîì îñòàåòñÿ ñòàðîé. Íàïðèìåð, â îáðàçöîâîé áðèãàäå Äà÷æàé îíà ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ íåèçìåííîé ñ 1960 ãîäà. 70 - 80 ïðîöåíòîâ çåðíîâûõ (êîòîðûå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ãëàâíûì ïðîäóêòîì ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ) âûäàþòñÿ ïî ÷èñëó ÷ëåíîâ ñåìüè è ëèøü 20 - 30 ïðîöåíòîâ - â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ êîëè÷åñòâîì òðóäîäíåé. Íî ïðè íà÷èñëåíèè òðóäîäíåé îñíîâíóþ ðîëü èãðàåò "óðîâåíü ïîëèòè÷åñêîé ñîçíàòåëüíîñòè" äàííîãî êðåñòüÿíèíà, à çàòåì óæå êîëè÷åñòâî è êà÷åñòâî çàòðà÷åííîãî èì òðóäà. Ïî ñóòè äåëà, ýòî çàìàñêèðîâàííàÿ ñèñòåìà øòðàôîâ çà íåëîÿëüíîñòü ê ìàîèñòñêîìó ðåæèìó.

 Êèòàå âîò óæå 20 ëåò ñóùåñòâóåò íîðìèðîâàííîå ñíàáæåíèå îñíîâíûìè ïðîäóêòàìè ïèòàíèÿ è òîâàðàìè øèðïîòðåáà, ïðè÷åì ýòà ñèñòåìà íå îñëàáëÿåòñÿ, à, íàïðîòèâ, óæåñòî÷àåòñÿ.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íîðìû ñíàáæåíèÿ âåñüìà îãðàíè÷åííû: çåðíîïðîäóêòû (ðèñ, ïøåíèöà, êóêóðóçà, ÷óìèçà, ãàîëÿí, à òàêæå êîðíåïëîäû â ïåðåñ÷åòå íà çåðíî ïî ñîîòíîøåíèþ 4:1), êîòîðûå çàíèìàþò ñâûøå 80 ïðîöåíòîâ â ðàöèîíå ðÿäîâîãî êèòàéöà, âûäàþòñÿ â ðàçìåðå îò 9 äî 20 êèëîãðàììîâ, à ðàñòèòåëüíîå ìàñëî (îñíîâíîé âèä æèðîâ) - îò 125 äî 250 ãðàììîâ íà ÷åëîâåêà â ìåñÿö; õëîï÷àòîáóìàæíûå òêàíè - îò 5 äî 9 ìåòðîâ íà ÷åëîâåêà â ãîä. Ìíîãèå ãîäû ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå âåäåòñÿ æèëèùíîå è êóëüòóðíî-áûòîâîå ñòðîèòåëüñòâî.

Óðîâåíü æèçíè â äåðåâíå çíà÷èòåëüíî íèæå, ÷åì â ãîðîäå. Åñëè â ãîðîäå ñðåäíÿÿ çàðïëàòà ðàáî÷èõ êîëåáëåòñÿ ìåæäó 50 - 60 þàíÿìè â ìåñÿö, òî â äåðåâíå - äàæå â ñàìûõ áîãàòûõ ðàéîíàõ ñòðàíû - îáùèé äîõîä íà îäíîãî ðàáîòàþùåãî íå ïðåâûøàåò 13 -15 þàíåé.  "Óêàçàíèè ÖÊ ÊÏÊ ïî âîïðîñàì ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ â ñåëüñêèõ íàðîäíûõ êîììóíàõ" îò 26 äåêàáðÿ 1971 ãîäà ïðèçíàâàëîñü, ÷òî â íåêîòîðûõ ìåñòàõ êðåñòüÿíå "äåëÿò âñå äî÷èñòà, ñúåäàþò âñå ïîëíîñòüþ", â äðóãèõ - "ïðè ðîñòå êîëëåêòèâíîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà äîõîäû ÷ëåíîâ êîììóí íå óâåëè÷èâàþòñÿ", â òðåòüèõ - ñóùåñòâóåò ìíîãî êðåñòüÿíñêèõ äâîðîâ, "ïîòðåáíîñòè êîòîðûõ íå óäîâëåòâîðÿþòñÿ".

Ñîêðàùåíèå ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà â 1972 ãîäó ïðèâåëî ê óñóãóáëåíèþ òðóäíîñòåé â îáåñïå÷åíèè íàñåëåíèÿ ãîðîäà è äåðåâíè ïðîäîâîëüñòâåííûìè òîâàðàìè. Êèòàéñêàÿ ïðîïàãàíäà ïðèçûâàåò òðóäÿùèõñÿ "ìåíüøå åñòü, åñëè íå çàíÿò ðàáîòîé" ("Õóíöè", äåêàáðü 1972 ãîäà).

Òÿæåëûå ìàòåðèàëüíûå óñëîâèÿ æèçíè òðóäÿùèõñÿ ñâÿçàíû íå òîëüêî è íå ñòîëüêî ñ ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé îòñòàëîñòüþ ñòðàíû, ñêîëüêî - è â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü - ñ ïðîâàëàìè â ðàçâèòèè íàðîäíîãî õîçÿéñòâà ÊÍÐ, âûçûâàåìûìè ïîðî÷íîé ïîëèòèêîé ìàîèñòîâ.

Ñòàâÿ âî ãëàâó óãëà íàðàùèâàíèå âîåííî-ïðîìûøëåííîãî ïîòåíöèàëà, êèòàéñêèå ðóêîâîäèòåëè îñëîæíÿþò ðåøåíèå ïðîáëåì ðàñøèðåííîãî âîñïðîèçâîäñòâà, òåìïîâ ðîñòà è èñòî÷íèêîâ ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ ýêîíîìèêè.  1970 - 1971 ãîäàõ ïðîìûøëåííîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî, ñîîáùàëà êèòàéñêàÿ ïå÷àòü, âîçðàñòàëî åæåãîäíî íà 7 -10 ïðîöåíòîâ; òàêèå ñðàâíèòåëüíî âûñîêèå òåìïû îáúÿñíÿþòñÿ íèçêèì óðîâíåì, íà êîòîðûé áûëà îòáðîøåíà êèòàéñêàÿ ýêîíîìèêà â ðåçóëüòàòå "êóëüòóðíîé ðåâîëþöèè".  1972 ãîäó â ÊÍÐ íå áûëî îáíàðîäîâàíî íèêàêîé èíôîðìàöèè íà ýòîò ñ÷åò. Ïî èìåþùèìñÿ îöåíêàì, ïðîìûøëåííîå è ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî ÊÍÐ â öåëîì âîçðîñëî â 1972 ãîäó íà 5 ïðîöåíòîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå ïðîìûøëåííîå - íà 7, ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîå æå ñíèçèëîñü ïðèìåðíî íà 3 ïðîöåíòà.

Ïðèâåäåííûå äàííûå, âî âñÿêîì ñëó÷àå, ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî Êèòàé â ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé îáëàñòè â êàêîé-òî ìåðå ïðåîäîëåâàåò íàèáîëåå íåãàòèâíûå ïîñëåäñòâèÿ "êóëüòóðíîé ðåâîëþöèè". Îäíàêî åñëè âçÿòü áîëåå ïðîäîëæèòåëüíûé ïåðèîä, òî ñòàíåò ÿñíî: â íàðîäíîì õîçÿéñòâå ÊÍÐ îòìå÷àåòñÿ íåñòàáèëüíîñòü, ÷òî ïðåïÿòñòâóåò ïîñòóïàòåëüíîìó ðàçâèòèþ ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíûõ ñèë è ïðåîäîëåíèþ ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé îòñòàëîñòè ñòðàíû.  ýòîì ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ íåñîñòîÿòåëüíîñòü ìàîöçýäóíîâñêèõ ìåòîäîâ ðóêîâîäñòâà íàðîäíûì õîçÿéñòâîì, à òàêæå òî, ÷òî åãî "èäåè" íå ñîîòâåòñòâóþò òîé "êèòàéñêîé ñïåöèôèêå", íà êîòîðóþ ëþáÿò ññûëàòüñÿ ðåâèçèîíèñòû.

Àíàëèç ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé îñíîâû êèòàéñêîãî îáùåñòâà ïîçâîëÿåò ñäåëàòü âûâîä î òîì, ÷òî êèòàéñêîå ðóêîâîäñòâî ïðîäîëæàåò îñóùåñòâëÿòü ïîëèòèêó, êîòîðàÿ äåôîðìèðóåò ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîãî áàçèñà.

 ÊÍÐ èñêàæåíî äåéñòâèå òàêèõ çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîãî ñòðîèòåëüñòâà, êàê ñîçäàíèå êðóïíîé ñîâðåìåííîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè è ïîñòåïåííàÿ ðåîðãàíèçàöèÿ íà åå îñíîâå ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà, ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå íàðîäíîãî õîçÿéñòâà ïî åäèíîìó îáùåãîñóäàðñòâåííîìó ïëàíó, îáåñïå÷åíèå ïëàíîìåðíîãî ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ýêîíîìèêè, íàïðàâëåííîãî íà ïîâûøåíèå æèçíåííîãî óðîâíÿ òðóäÿùèõñÿ, ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîå ïðîâåäåíèå â æèçíü ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîãî ïðèíöèïà ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ "îò êàæäîãî - ïî ñïîñîáíîñòÿì, êàæäîìó - ïî òðóäó".

Íà ñîñòîÿíèè íàðîäíîãî õîçÿéñòâà ÊÍÐ âåñüìà áîëåçíåííî ñêàçûâàåòñÿ îòñóòñòâèå íàó÷íî îáîñíîâàííîé äîëãîâðåìåííîé ïðîãðàììû ðàçâèòèÿ, îòëàæåííîãî àïïàðàòà óïðàâëåíèÿ è ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ, ÷òî âåäåò ê îáîñòðåíèþ âíóòðè- è ìåæîòðàñëåâûõ äèñïðîïîðöèé; íå õâàòàåò êâàëèôèöèðîâàííûõ èíæåíåðíî-òåõíè÷åñêèõ è íàó÷íûõ êàäðîâ; èìååò ìåñòî ïðåíåáðåæåíèå ê öåëîìó ðÿäó ðàöèîíàëüíûõ îðãàíèçàöèîííûõ ôîðì â ýêîíîìèêå.

Ïîñòîÿííûå ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå òðóäíîñòè âûíóæäàþò Ïåêèí âíîñèòü íåêîòîðûå ÷àñòè÷íûå ïîïðàâêè â ìåòîäû ðóêîâîäñòâà õîçÿéñòâåííîé æèçíüþ. Ñóäÿ ïî ïå÷àòè, ïðåäïðèíèìàþòñÿ ïîïûòêè âîññòàíîâèòü íàðîäíîõîçÿéñòâåííîå ïëàíèðîâàíèå, óäåëÿåòñÿ áîëüøå âíèìàíèÿ õîçðàñ÷åòó, ðîëè ñïåöèàëèñòîâ, óêðåïëåíèþ òåõíîëîãè÷åñêîé è òðóäîâîé äèñöèïëèíû, â îòäåëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ äîïóñêàåòñÿ îãðàíè÷åííûé âîçâðàò ê ìàòåðèàëüíîìó ñòèìóëèðîâàíèþ. Ýòè ìåðû â îïðåäåëåííîé ñòåïåíè ñïîñîáñòâóþò ïîâûøåíèþ ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ïðîèçâîäñòâà, íî îíè ïðîâîäÿòñÿ ìåäëåííî è íåïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî, òàê êàê âñòóïàþò â ïðîòèâîðå÷èå ñ îñíîâíûìè ìàîèñòñêèìè óñòàíîâêàìè.  ñòðàíå ïðåîáëàäàþò ïîëèòè÷åñêèå è ïðèíóäèòåëüíî-àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûå ñïîñîáû ñòèìóëèðîâàíèÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîé àêòèâíîñòè íàñåëåíèÿ.

Ïðîòèâîðå÷èâîñòü íàïðàâëåíèé è òåíäåíöèé â ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ïîëèòèêå óñèëèâàåò íåóâåðåííîñòü è ïàññèâíîñòü êàäðîâûõ ðàáîòíèêîâ è òðóäÿùèõñÿ ÊÍÐ. Êàê ÿâñòâóåò èç êèòàéñêîé ïå÷àòè, ìíîãèå èç íèõ íå ìîãóò ïîíÿòü ðàçíèöû ìåæäó òåì, ÷òî ñëåäóåò ïðîâîäèòü íà ïðàêòèêå, è òåì, ÷òî îáúÿâëåíî "îáúåêòîì áîðüáû" êàê íàñëåäèå "ìîøåííèêîâ òèïà Ëþ Øàî-öè".

 öåëîì ïðîâîäèìàÿ ìàîèñòàìè ïîëèòèêà íå îñòàâëÿåò ìåñòà äëÿ íàäåæä íà òî, ÷òî åå òâîðöû ñîáèðàþòñÿ â áëèæàéøåå âðåìÿ âåðíóòüñÿ íà ðåëüñû ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ. Íåò ñîìíåíèÿ, îäíàêî, ÷òî ñîõðàíåíèå ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé è êîîïåðàòèâíîé ôîðì ñîáñòâåííîñòè îáúåêòèâíî îáåñïå÷èâàåò ïîòåíöèàëüíóþ âîçìîæíîñòü äëÿ ðàçâèòèÿ êèòàéñêîãî îáùåñòâà â ñòîðîíó ñîöèàëèçìà. Íî ýòà âîçìîæíîñòü ìîæåò ñòàòü ðåàëüíîñòüþ òîëüêî â òîì ñëó÷àå, åñëè ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ ïîëèòèêà ïåêèíñêîãî ðóêîâîäñòâà áóäåò äåéñòâèòåëüíî ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîé.

 
 

 
 

                                               

 

                                     

 

                             

                           Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû :

1) ÌÀÎÈÑÒÑÊÈÉ ÊÓÐÑ: ÏÐÎÒÈÂ ÌÈÐÀ È ÏÐÎÃÐÅÑÑÀ

Ñäàíî â íàáîð 17/Õ 1973 ã. Á 04047. Ïîäïèñàíî ê ïå÷àòè 19/Õ 1973 ã.

Áóìàãà êíèæíî-æóðíàëüíàÿ. Ôîðìàò 84õ108'/ç2. Îáúåì 3,36 óåë ïå÷. ë. 3,15 ó÷.-èçä. ë. Òèðàæ 200 000 ýêç. Çàê. ? 1281. Öåíà 7 êîï.

Îðäåíà Ëåíèíà è îðäåíà Îêòÿáðüñêîé Ðåâîëþöèè òèïîãðàôèÿ ãàçåòû "Ïðàâäà" èìåíè Â. È. Ëåíèíà. 125865, Ìîñêâà, À-47, ÃÑÏ, óë. "Ïðàâäû", 24.

 
 
 

 

 

 

 
 
 

                              

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

                              Ãëîññàðèé:

1. Ìàîèçì - âðàæäåáíîå ìàðêñèçìó-ëåíèíèçìó ìåëêîáóðæóàçíî-íàöèîíàëèñòè÷åñêîå òå÷åíèå â Êîììóíèñòè÷åñêîé ïàðòèè Êèòàÿ.

2. Êîëîíèàëèçì — ñèñòåìà ãîñïîäñòâà ãðóïïû ïðîìûøëåííî-ðàçâèòûõ ñòðàí (ìåòðîïîëèé) íàä îñòàëüíûì ìèðîì â XVI—XX âåêàõ.

3. Êàïèòàëèèçì  — ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà ïðîèçâîäñòâà è ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ, îñíîâàííàÿ íà ÷àñòíîé ñîáñòâåííîñòè, âñåîáùåì þðèäè÷åñêîì ðàâåíñòâå è ñâîáîäå ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëüñòâà. Ãëàâíûì êðèòåðèåì äëÿ ïðèíÿòèÿ ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ ðåøåíèé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñòðåìëåíèå ê óâåëè÷åíèþ êàïèòàëà, ê ïîëó÷åíèþ ïðèáûëè.

 

                              

 
 

                               SUMMARY

Maoism, also known as Mao Zedong (simplified Chinese: ??? ??; Traditional Chinese: ??? ??; pinyin: Máozéd?ng s?xi?ng), communist theory is derived from the teachings of the Chinese political leader Mao Zedong (1893-1976). His followers, known as the Maoists, to consider it as an anti-revisionist form of Marxism. Developed during the 1950s and 1960s, is widely used as a political and military guiding ideology of the Communist Party of China (CPC). He fell out of favor in China in 1978, when Deng Xiaoping introduced radical reforms. 
Definitions of Maoism to change. In the Chinese context, can refer to Maoism Mao's belief in the mobilization of the masses, especially in the major political movements, and can also refer to the egalitarianism that was seen in the era of Mao, in contrast to the free market ideology of Deng Xiaoping, and some researchers further define the cult ofpersonality and political slogans such as "Maoist" practice. Modern Maoists in China have criticized social inequality created by capitalism and the Communist Party "revisionist." 
At the international Maoist organizations, mostly based on the ideology of Mao's people's war, the mobilization of a significant part of the rural population to revolt against the existing institutions, participating in guerrilla warfare. Famous Maoist organizations and armed groups now exist in several countries, especially Shining Path in Peru, the Naxalites in India and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), the latter of which is the only current Maoist party retaining power through the democratic process