Михайловский дворец

Федеральное агентство по образованию 

Государственное образовательное учреждение

высшего профессионального образования

«Санкт-Петербургский  государственный

инженерно-экономический  университет» 

Кафедра экономики и менеджмента в  туризме и гостиничном хозяйстве 
 

РЕФЕРАТ

По дисциплине «Информационно-экскурсионная деятельность»

По  теме «Михайловский  Дворец» 
 
 

Выполнили:                        Группа:

Величинская К. А.              5/5072

Фрич. Ю. П.                        5/5072

Хованская М. А.                 5/5074 

студентки II курса 3г. 10 мес.  специальность 080502/8

                                (срок обучения) 

Преподаватель: Тен Е. С.

Оценка: _____________Дата: __________

Подпись:  
 
 
 
 

Санкт-Петербург

2009

    Maintenance:

    Introduction………………………………………………………………………3

    Mikhailovsky palace. History…………..………………………………………..4

    Architect Carlo Rossi…………………………………………………………….5

    The Mihajlovsky palace building………………………………………………..8

    Architectural style of Saint-Petersburg: Classicism («Ampire» Style)……….....9

    Architectural elements of the Mikhailovsky palace…………………………….18

    Historical persons………………………………………………………………23

    Historical events, connected with the Mikhailovsky palace……………………25

    Current state…………………………………………………………………….27

    The conclusion………………………………………………………………….28

      The list of the used literature…………………………………………………...29 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    Introduction

     Saint Petersburg is the Northern capital of Russia. Saint-Petersburg is one of the main cultural, historical and architectural centers of Russia. It was named in the honor of Peter the Great, who founded St. Petersburg in 1703. St. Petersburg, Russia is world known for its channels and bridges and is often called "Northern Venice". The city possesses a perfect architectural style and intense cultural life. There are more than 100 theaters and 200 museums in our city. The best architects worked for several centuries to create this irresistible visage of St. Petersburg which each guest enjoys now. Many outstanding monuments are situated here, most known are: St. Isaac's Cathedral, Kazan's Cathedral, Peter and Paul's Fortress, Admiralty, Hermitage, Smolniy Cathedral and Mikhailovsky palace. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    Mikhailovsky palace. History.

    In the 1719 on then empty site of Mikhailovsky palace and a garden surrounding it, Peter I has established big fruit garden named « Third Summery ». It settled down from Fontanka up to the river Krivushi .To the south from the garden down to the Nevsky prospect the swamp and a small wood was kept. After the construction to the east of the Elizabeth Petrovny’ Holiday apartment, and then Mikhailovsky castle, numerous service constructions and sheds here were placed. Around them there was a waste ground, overgrown burdock and a nettle.

     The idea of construction of a residence for grand duke Michael Pavlovich belongs to its father, Emperor Paul I. In 1798 Paul has ordered to put away a few thousands rubles every year for the construction of the palace for his youngest son Michael. Emperor did not see an embodiment of his idea; he has died as a result of palace revolution. However, the will of sovereign was carried out. When Michael Pavlovich has turned 21 year old, Emperor Alexander I have decided to begin the construction of the palace.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

     Architect Carlo di Giovanni Rossi.

    In choosing the builder of the palace, Alexander I stopped at the architect Carlo Rossi. Carlo di Giovanni Rossi, (Russian: Carl Ivanovich Rossi) (18 December 1775 - 18 April 1849) was a Russian architect, of Italian origin, who worked the major portion of his life in Russia. He was the author of many classical buildings and architectural ensembles in Saint Petersburg and its environments.

Biography

     Carlo di Giovanni Rossi was born on the 18th of December 1775, and is of Italian origin. His mother, a world famous ballerina, brought Rossi to Russia from his birthplace, Venice, on an invitation to perform. Through his mother Carlo Rossi was born into a world surrounded by art. In his early years, he started his training in the studio of the architect Vincenzo Brenna and entered into the architectural admiralty as an assistant to Brenna. His first project with Brenna was the construction of the St Petersburg Saint Micheal’s Palace.

     Carlo di Giovanni Rossi traveled to Italy to further his studies during the years 1802 until 1803, and gained his architectural title in 1806. Rossi opened up his own office and was requested to return to Russia in 1808 to work on the Kremlin’s archaeological expedition. Here, in Moscow, Carlo Rossi built the St Catherine’s Church of Ascension Convent and a theatre at the Arbat Square. Unfortunately, the theatre was destroyed by fire in 1812 during the invasion of Russia by Napoleon. Carlo Rossi obtained the Order of St Vladimir of IV Degree and the rank of Collegiate Councilor followed in 1814. Returning to Saint Petersburg in 1816, Carlo Rossi was appointed a position on the committee that supervises and decides on structures and hydraulic works.

     Rossi’s buildings were simple, and yet had a look of grandeur and nobility rolled into one. This classic empire style can be seen in the Yelagin Palace that was built by Rossi during the years of 1816 to 1818 and the Senate and Synod buildings in the years 1829 to 1833. Other buildings that Carlo Rossi built are the Saint Micheal’s Palace, Alexander Theatre, the pavilions of the Anichkov Palace and the palace library in Pavlovsk.

     Carlo di Giovanni Rossi had spent most of his life in Russia, and the last building of his spectacular career was the Belfry of the Yurevski Monastary that is located near Velikiy Novgorod. Carlo Rossi died of Cholera on 18 April 1849 in St Petersburg and was laid to rest in the Volkov Lutheran Cemetery as one of Russia’s most celebrated architects. He was reburied in the Alexander Nevsky Monastery during the Soviet reign.

Works

• Mikhailovsky Palace and the ensemble of Mikhailovskaya Square
• The ensemble of Alexandrinskaya Square and Alexandrinsky Theater
• Theater’s Street (today this street bears the name of Rossi)
• The ensemble of Chernisheva Square
• Palace Square (building of the General Staff)
• Senate area (buildings of the Senate and Synod)
• Marsov’s field
• "Coffee House" pavilion in the Summer Garden
• Pavilion-pier in the Mikhailovsky garden
• Pavilions in the garden of Anichkov Palace
• St. Catherine Church of the Ascension Convent and Nikolskaya Tower in Kremlin
• Military Gallery of the Winter Palace
• Yelagin Palace
• The façade of the Russian National Library, which faces Alexandrinskaya Square.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The Mihailovsky palace building.

     Carlo Rossi becomes the architect of the construction of Mikhailovsky palace. He has started work on the project in 1817 when it was supposed to be a residence of Grand Duke replacing Vorontsov’s palace, and then in place of the Tchernyshev’s house. After the decision to build the palace on this waste ground, Rossi has started work on the project; it was not just a construction of existing buildings, but a new city architectural ensemble. Here the architect has planned not simply a palace, but the area before it (Mikhailovskaya, nowadays - the area of Arts, new streets (Engineering and Mikhailovskaya). In April, 1819 the Commission for construction of a palace to grand duke Michael Pavlovich has been created. The solemn bookmark of a building took place on July, 14th, and construction has begun on July, 26th. Mihalkovskiy palace Rossi has connected with the Nevskiy prospect the new Mikhajlovskaya street passing in Mikhailovskaya the area directly ahead of the palace. The street Mikhajlovskaya opens up a view on the main case of a building which two service cases on each side adjoin. In one of them kitchens, in other - an arena and stables were placed. From Marsov’s fields side there was a garden next to a palace called Mikhailovsky. Construction of a building by 1825 has been finished, by this time there were only some works outstanding in a garden.

    Consecration of a palace took place on August, 30th, 1825. That day the celebratory dinner took place. On the eve before the event Carlo Rossi has been awarded Vladimir's award of 3-rd degree. And next day, 1^st September, Emperor Alexander I has left St.-Petersburg, he has never returned back there. 

Architectural style of Saint-Petersburg: Classicism («Ampire»  Style).

  Mikhailovsky palace has been built in "ampire" Style or high classicism.  
In place of the Baroque to the 60-ies of the XVIII century, comes a new style - classicism. The development of classicism occurred in three stages: early classicism, classicism, and mature high classicism.

  Art Classicism system were characterized by monumental simplicity and clear harmony, rationalistic ordering. It was based on the heritage of antiquity and the Renaissance.

  The clarity of bulk composition, flattened facades, decorations restraint, strict rhythm to order items are defining the quality of early Classicism (1760-1770 gg.)

  Gostiny yard, Small Hermitage, the arch of New Holland (all Zh.B.Vallen-Delamot), the Academy of Fine Arts (architect AF corridors and JB Wallen-Delamot) , Marble Palace (architect A. Rinaldi) are Some of the best and prominent buildings early classical era.

  1780-1800 biennium. - The period of strict, a mature classicism. It is becoming the important role played by an appeal to the creative heritage of the great Italian Renaissance architect Palladio A.

   Reference strict Russian classics became Tauride Palace, built by architect I. Starov.

  Giacomo Quarenghi was the greatest master of the strict classicism in St. Petersburg. Its facilities are permeated a few cold monumentality, calm majesty. Example of his work is building the Hermitage Theater.

  At the Academy of Sciences concise volume, the exposed surface of walls contrasting opposed pronounced forward patrol portico with pediment. This method is used in the composition and the Smolny Institute, which became the main expressive means of the strict style.

  In the beginning XIX century classicism in Russia has entered its highest stage of development, called high-classicism or the Russian Empire. This last period of its heyday, lasted until about the mid. 1830's, opened architects A. Zakharov, A. Voronikhin and Jean-F.Toma de Tomon, the most successfully developing VP Stasov and Rossi completed the dignity and A. Montferrand.

   If the strict classicism (IE old, Quarenghi, Cameron) thought their facility, regardless of the nature of pre-existing buildings, the architects of the next generation brought to the fore the issue of planning and artistic context of his works with existing and newly built architectural structures. Zakharov Voronikhin and created the first ensemble building in the broad sense of urban - The Admiralty and the Kazan Cathedral, and Tom de Tomon was the first author of a classical ensemble of St. Petersburg: the building of the Stock Exchange and the Rostral Columns embankment Arrows Vasilyevsky island. Following them Stasov formed the building along the western border of the field of Mars, and Rossi has created magnificent ensembles of the central streets and squares. A substantial contribution to the transformation of the center of St. Petersburg, there introduced and Montferrand.

  Homeland Empire, like classicism in general is France. In Western European architecture of the style associated with the period of Napoleon Bonaparte, proclaimed in 1804 by Emperor. This leads to the origin of the word Empire (French empire), which means that the empire.

  The leading representatives of the Empire style in France were the architects of the courtiers of Napoleon - Charles Persia and Pierre Fontaine. In addition to creating a new front in the interior of numerous ex-royal and imperial palaces, now the Louvre, the Tuileries, Sen-Klu, etc., they took part in the erection of structures triumphant. In the palace of the Tuileries and the Louvre Museum, they have built Carousel triumphal arch on the square of the same name. However, the most significant construction works of this kind belongs to J.-F.Shalgrena, the project which in 1806 began construction of a famous triumphal arch of stars at the Elysee field to celebrate Napoleon's victories in 1805-06. Of the other works of the French Empire can refer J. J. Gonduena-B.Lepera, as well as church Madeleine B. Vin’ona, conceived by Napoleon as the temple of Fame, and began construction in 1806.

  During this period, as in the interiors of buildings, and in the external design of architectural structures are often repeated image of imperial eagles, borrowed from the Roman Empire, the Roman military armor and weapons, laurel wreaths, , as well as the Sphynx and the Egyptian obelisks. A passion for the latter to a large extent was connected with the Napoleonic campaigns in Egypt. French Empire as the empire of Napoleon was short-lived, bounded by one decade of history, ending its existence after the overwhelming defeat of the French army in 1812 at the snowy fields of Russia. These features of the Napoleonic style are typical for the Russian Empire, which began almost simultaneously with the French. His origins were a Rossi’s teacher - Brenna B. glorifying the period of Paul I. He was the first time in Russian architecture has become widely used and referred to the symbolism of art glorify the emperor.

  The flowering of Russian Empire, above all, linked with the names of three prominent architects of the first decade of the XIX century. - A. Zakharov, A. Voronikhin and J-F.Toma de Tomon. The latter in conjunction with Persia and Fontaine studied at the French Academy of Architecture in Paris, and together with them took part in competitions for the Grand Prix, which made the right in case of victory in the continuing education of the French Academy in Rome. It should also be noted that Zakharov, after successful completion of the Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg to improve their skills in Paris in the studio Shalgrena. In Paris - the center of the architectural ideas of the time - studied and Voronikhin.

  Significant was another important fact: the Napoleonic period, the board has given rise to the most talented student of Persia and the Fontaine-architect Auguste Montferrand, began his professional career in the construction of the Church of Madeleine at Vin’ona. Not surprisingly, therefore, Montferrand has created a masterpiece of Russian Empire - Alexander's triumphal column. Also, there is reason to believe that Russia has completed his architectural education in the workshop of Persia and Fontaine.

  If the process of formation and development of the Empire style at an early stage and in France, and Russia took place at the same time, the period of the Russian Empire was much longer.

   It covers not only two and a half decades of rule of Emperor Alexander I, but the early years of the reign of Nicholas I. As a result, Russian Empire, as the most mature, has created the most famous monuments of late classicism not only in Europe but also in world architecture. Most of them are concentrated in St. Petersburg - the former capital of Russian Empire.

  The flowering of Russian Empire in the first place is linked with the name A. Zakharov. Its Admiralty (1806 - 19) was not only a symbol of Russia as a mighty maritime power, but also decorated ceremonial architecture center of the capital. It shows that the architect was a consummate master in the art to develop highly advanced space-spatial compositions using strictly selected and relatively simple architectural techniques. The latter was a consequence of lessons learned Zakharov French schools. On the basis of perception and to explore its innovative ideas, he simultaneously developed a tradition of Russian classicism of the XVIII century. his canonization order system.

   Along with the building of the Admiralty a significant role in the ensemble of the center of St. Petersburg plays Kazan Cathedral AN Voronikhin - the first in a broad sense, urban ensemble building capital, built in 1801-11. Unique classic appearance of the city is unthinkable without the other works of the architect - a building Mountain Cadet Corps (1806-09), renamed in 1866 in the Mountain Institute.  
 There are numerous Voronikhin’s studies in the suburbs of St. Petersburg. He served as projects to Peterhof, Pulkovo, Strelna, Gatchina and Pavlovsk. In early 1803 during the fire burnt the interiors of the central corps Paul (B.) the palace. His owner, Empress Maria Feodorovna requested restoration of the building Voronikhin appointed chief architect of Pavlovsk. The choice was not accidental: in 1802 he finishes in the Winter Palace at half Maria Feodorovna interiors, located on the second floor of the south central part of the hull. At the Pavlovsk’s Palace restoration Voronikhin amended to furnish of the main ceremonial rooms. In the central hall of the Italian architect's drawings were executed caryatid second tier, the figures of eagles on the upper cornice, processing dome ceilings caissons with molded sockets. In the Greek hall Voronikhin designed to overlap an ornamental painting, imitating the dome. In the halls of war and peace in his projects instead of pointed plafond caisson sets were constructed, and placed in the lunette reliefs. He was engaged and parquet floors in Pavlovsk, trying to simplify, as compared with those that had made the clay. In the study "Flashlight", designed by Voronikhin architect successfully used the old parquet disassembled one of the suburban palaces.