Literary translation

Translation is a process and the result of turning a text from one language into another, which means expressing the same by the signs of a different language. Bearing in mind that every sign has two planes (plane of expression and plane of content) the essence of translation could be described as changing the elements of the plane of expression while the plane of content remains constant.
The language of the original text is called "source language", the language into which the text is translated is called "target language" (the corresponding Russian terms are "исходный язык" and "переводящий язык").

INTRODUCTION……………...…………………………………………………..3

CHAPTER I. TRANSLATION IS A MEANS OF INTERLINGUAL COMMUNICATION………………………………………………………………5
1.1 Translation Theory. ……………………………………………………………5
1.2 Classification of Translation…………………………………………….……...6
1.3 Main Types Of Translation. …………………………………………………...6

CHAPTER II. LITERARY TRANSLATION AS A SPECIFIC CODING-ENCODING PROCESS…………………………………………………....……..11
2.1 Literary translation as functional interaction of languages…………………...11
2.2 Context and its role in literary translation…………………………………….12
2.3 Literary translation of words having no correspondence in target language…13
2.4 Culture-Specific Items in Literary Translation……………………………….14
2.5 Literary Translation And Literary Translators………………………………..16

CHAPTER III. PHILOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF LINGUISTIC DIFFICULTIES IN LITERARY TRANSLATION ………………………………………………..19
3.1 Literary translation of specifically English grammatical forms and constructions………………………………………………………………………19
3.2 Lexical transformations…………………………………………………...…..20
3.3 Grammar Transformations……………………………………………...……23
3.4 Complex Transformations….…………………………………………………24

CONCLUSION……...……………………………………………………………27

BIBLIOGRAPHY……………….………………………………………………..28