Контрольная работа по "Иностранному языку"

Matching Products and Markets

     Successful product management depends on the organization knowing how and if the current product range meets consumer and organizational objectives. One way of doing this is to conduct detailed benefit analysis segmentation.

     The most important attitude towards product management is to view the product as only one part of the marketing mix which also includes price, place and promotion. It can be adapted or even changed radically to meet a changed market. How it will be changed depends on several factors within and outside the organization, including the organization’s resources, market conditions and opportunities and competitive threats. 

Product-market strategy

     ‘Product-market strategy’ is the term used to describe all the decisions which the organization makes about its target markets and the products it offers to those markets. The use of the word ‘strategy’ is important, for it implies a chosen route to a defining goal and suggests long-term planning.

     Product-market strategy must be developed in the most cost-effective manner, paying attention to cash flow and profitability requirements. To minimize costs at the outset, a sound marketing approach will usually attempt to increase profits and cash flow from existing markets. 

11.Укажите, в каких предложениях слово “calculating”переводится существительным

 

10. Calculating periodic depreciation of capital assets, one can estimate the period of their useful time.
11. Accountants spoke of their calculating different figures such as taxes, salaries, etc. using this new reliable computer programme.
12. Before calculating debit and credit balances a bookkeeper should post data to the general ledger.
13. The calculating of the goodwill value is impossible as it belongs to intangible assets.
14. Stockholders calculating their future dividends should not forget about double taxation of the corporation profits.

 

12. а) Укажите, какие предложения можно считать правильным переводом следующего русского предложения:

“Считают, что цены поставок зависят от производственных издержек”. 

1. Economists believe supply prices to depend on production costs.
2. Supply prices are believed to depend on production costs.
3. There is an assumption that supply prices depend on production costs.
4. One believes supply prices to depend on production costs.
5. Supply prices were expected to depend on production costs.

 

в) Укажите, в каких  предложениях инфинитив переводится на русский язык глаголом в прошедшем времени 

1. The inflation could have been anticipated.
2. The inflation rate proved to be higher then anticipated.
3. The inflation must have been anticipated.
4. The inflation appears to have a bad effect on investment climate.

 

13. Вставьте правильный вариант из a, b или c.  

1. In a recession fewer people borrow money from banks, thus … the bank the opportunity to earn interests on loans.

   a) to deny          b) denying        c) denied 

2. The main statistics … the economy’s behavior relate to the level of activity in the economy.

   a) illustrate       b) illustrating     c) illustrated 

3. … industries may have to pay higher wages to attract the extra labor.

   a) to expand     b) expanding      c) expanded 

4. World income is the total of all the incomes … by all the people in the world.

   a) to earn          b) earning           c) earned

5. In poor countries workers produce much less than workers in rich countries, and poverty is very difficult … .

   a) to escape      b) escaping         c) escaped 

6. Transfer payments are payments made to individuals without … the provision of any service in return.

   a) to require      b) requiring        c) required 

7. A major problem … by command economies is that of deciding what to produce.

   a) to face           b) facing            c) faced 

8. The market economy adjusts automatically … changing demands.

   a) to meet          b) meeting         c) met 

9. Cutting back on production and the development of new ideas is a dangerous decision. When  … by many firms, it can lead to a recession.

   a) to take           b) taking             c) taken 

10. In some circumstances, the indirect effects are too important … under the carpet.

   a) to be swept     b) being swept    c) swept 

11. Some EU members of the IEA are now letting their oil stocks ……… below the 90 day mark for at least part of the year.

   a) to drop   b) drop   c) dropping

12. A court in Rome last month ordered Banca Nazionale del Lavoro ……… an account ……… by the Iranian government, ……… a lawsuit over the deaths of three Americans in the Israeli-……… Palestinian territories.

   a) to freeze, to be held, to pend, occupied  b) to freeze, held, pending, occupied

   c) freeze, holding, pending, occupied 

13. There is rather a small number of societies, historically ……… , in which the central ……… form is the market.

   a) speaking, organizing b) to speak, organized       c) spoken, organizing 

14. The ……… process necessarily begins with recruiters ……… how well any particular applicant fits the job.

   a) recruiting, determined  b) recruited, determining c) recruiting, determining  

15. ……… with the unrealistic approach, the effective organization examines the specifications that are absolutely necessary for the job. Then it uses these as its ……… expectations for recruits.

   a) contrasted, beginning  b) contrasted, begun  c) contrasting, beginning 

16. What may be called “the economic problem” is the orchestration of these activities into a coherent social whole – coherent in the sense ……… a social order with the goods or services it requires ……… its own continuance and ……… its perceived historic mission.

   a) providing, to assure, fulfilling  b) of providing, to assure, to fulfill

   c) providing, assuring, fulfilling

17. Tradition-……… societies depend largely on communal expressions of approval or disapproval. Command systems utilize the open or ……… power of coercion or punishment.

   a) based, veiling  b) based, veiled  c) basing, veiled 
 

14.   Прочтите текст, переведите его на русский язык письменно, поставьте к тексту 6 вопросов

 

The Manager’s Role 

     Our society is made up of all kinds of organizations, such as companies, government departments, unions, hospitals, schools, libraries, and the like. They are essential to our existence, helping to create our standard of living and our quality of life. In all these organizations, there are people carrying out the work of a manager although they do not have that title. The vice-chancellor of a university, the president of a student’s union or a chief librarian are all managers. They have responsibility to use the resources of their organization, effectively and economically to achieve its objectives.

     Are there certain activities common to all managers? Can we define the task of a manager? A French industrialist Henri Fayol, in 1916 wrote a classic definition of the manager’s role. He said that to manage is to “forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate and to control”. This definition is still accepted by many people today, though some writers on management have modified Fayol’s description. Instead of talking about command, they say a manager must motivate or direct and lead other workers.

     However, in most companies, the activities of a manager depend on the level at which he/she is working. Top managers, such as the chairman and directors, will be more involved in long-range planning, policy making, and the relations of the company with the outside world. They will be making decisions on the nature of the company, the sort of product lines it should develop, how it should face up to the competition, whether it should diversify, etc. These strategic decisions are part of the planning function mentioned by Fayol.

      On the other hand, middle management are generally making day-to-day decisions which help an organization to run efficiently and smoothly. They must deal with the unhappy customers, meet an urgent order or sort out a technical problem. Managers at this level spend a great deal of time communicating, coordinating and making decisions affecting the daily operation of their organization. An interesting modern view on managers is supplied by an American writer, Mr peter Drucker. He has spelled out what managers do. In his opinion, managers perform five basic operations. Firstly, managers set objectives. They decide what these objectives should be and how the organization can achieve them. Secondly, managers organise. They must decide how the resources of the company are to be used, how the work is to be classified and divided. Furthermore, they must select people for the job which is to be done. Their third task is to motivate and communicate effectively. They must be able to get people to work as a team, and to be as productive as possible. To succeed in this task, managers need social skills. The fourth activity is measurement. Managers have to measure the performance of the organization, and of its staff. 
 

1. How many basic operations do managers perform?

2. Must manager motivate or direct and lead other workers?

3. The activities of a manager depend on the level at which he/she is working, don’t they?

4. Do managers perform five or seven basic operations?

5. What our society is made up of?

6. Who can be a manager? 
 

Роль  менеджера

      Наше  общество состоит из всех видов организаций, таких как компании, правительственные ведомства, союзы, больницы, школы, библиотеки и тому подобное. Они необходимы для нашего существования, помогая создавать наш уровень жизни и качество жизни. Во всех этих организациях есть люди, которые выполняют работу руководителя, хоть у них и нет такого звания. Проректор университета, президент студенческого союза или старший библиотекарь – все руководители.. Они должны использовать денежные средства их организации эффективно и экономно, чтобы достичь цели.

      Есть  ли определенная деятельность, общая для всех менеджеров? Можем ли мы  определить задачи менеджера? Французский предприниматель Анри Файоль  написал классическое определение роли менеджера. Он сказал, что управлять значит «прогнозировать и планировать, организовывать, командовать, координировать и контролировать». Это определение до сих пор принять многими людьми сегодня, хотя некоторые писатели по менеджменту трансформировали описание Файоля. Вместо разговора о командовании они сказали, что менеджер должен принуждать или направлять и вести других работников.

      Тем не менее, во многих компаниях, деятельность менеджера зависит от уровня, на котором он/она работает. Высшее руководство, такое как председатели и директора будут больше вовлечены в перспективное планирование, выработку тактики и связь компании с внешним миром. Они будут принимать решения, касающиеся сущности компании, вида товарной специализации, которую она развивает, так как компания  должна быть готова к конкуренции, если она развивается. Эти стратегические решения – часть функции планирования по Файолю.

      С другой стороны, среднее звено руководства, как правило, принимает повседневные решения, которые помогают организации рационально и равномерно развиваться. Они обязаны иметь дело с несчастными клиентами, сталкиваться со срочными заказами и решать технические проблемы. Менеджеры на этом уровне тратят огромное количество времени на общение, координацию и принятие решений, влияющих на ежедневную деятельность их организации. Интересный современный взгляд на руководство добавлен американским писателем Питером Друкером. Он разъяснил, чем руководство занимается. По его мнению, руководство выполняет 5 основных операций. Во-первых, руководители ставят задачи. Они решают, какими эти задачи могут быть и как организация может их решить. Во-вторых, директора занимаются организацией работы Они должны решать как использовать денежные средства компании, как разделить и классифицировать работу. Более того они должны подбирать людей для соответствующей работы. Их третья задача- действенно побуждать и общаться. Они должны уметь научить людей работать в команде и быть  настолько продуктивными, насколько это возможно. Чтобы преуспеть в этом деле, руководству необходимы навыки общения. Четвертая деятельность – это измерение. Руководству приходится измерять эффективность выполнения работы и сотрудников.(подкорректируйте вот это предложение по смыслу).