Методичка по английскому языку

The original walled city of London (then Londinium) founded by Romans was quite small. In the Middle Ages it did not contain the Parliament or the royal Court, because it would have interfered with the interests of t he merchants and traders living there. It was in Westminster, another city outside London's walls, that these national institutions met. Today, both 'cities' are just two areas in Central London. The City is London's commercial centre; it is also referred to as the 'Square Mile of Money' because of its area. The Bank of England, Lloyd's, the stock exchange, the Royal Exchange and numerous other banks and investment companies have their headquarters there. The City of Westminster contains London's most famous tourist attractions: Westminster Abbey, the Houses of Parliament and so on.

Other well-known areas of London include the West End and the East End. The former is one of the main tourist attractions of London, where Buckingham Palace and quite a number of world-famous museums are located. It is famous, too, for its theatres, luxurious hotels and restaurants, and expensive shops. The latter is known as a poorer residential area of London.

Central London makes up only a very small part of Greater London. The majority of Londoners live in its suburbs, millions of them commuting into the centre every day to work.

London is a cosmopolitan city. People of several races and many nationalities live there. A survey carried out in the 90s found that 137 different languages were spoken in the homes of just one district of London.

 

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Лондон — столица Великобритании и ее политический, финансовый, коммерческий, промышленный и культурный центр.

2. Около одной пятой всего населения Великобритании живет и Большом Лондоне, то есть Лондоне с пригородами.

3. Там находятся все центральные учреждения правительственных организаций, парламент, монарх, основные судебные учреждения, центральные офисы телесетей, он является центром транспортной сети страны.

4. Финансовый сектор — основной источник общей занятости и Лондоне.

5. Многие товары производятся в Лондоне, такие как потребительские товары, одежда, точные приборы, ювелирные изделия и канцелярские принадлежности.

6. Когда-то доминировавшие в Лондоне текстильная промышленность, производство мебели, и переработка химических продуктов были вынесены за границы района, что привело к потере рабочих мест в промышленности.

7. Лондон экспортирует промышленные товары и импортирует нефть, чай, сахар, лес и так далее, значение для экономики также представляют научные исследования.

8. Первоначальный Лондон, окруженный стеной, был основан римлянами, парламент и королевский двор находились не в нем, чтобы не вступать в противоречие с интересами купцов.

9. Финансовый центр Лондона — Сити, который называют «квадратной милей денег», там находятся банки, фондовая биржа, Королевская биржа и многочисленные инвестиционные компании.

10. К другим известным районам Лондона относятся Вест-Энд и Ист-Энд, первый является основным центром интереса туристов в Лондоне и содержит многочисленные достопримечательности, роскошные отели и рестораны, второй является более бедным районом Лондона.

 

 

Text 5. Famous British Cities and Towns

Great Britain is mainly an industrial country, and most of the people there live in towns and cities. London, its capital, is the most important city of Great Britain.

The capital of Scotland is Edinburgh. It is one of the most written-about and photographed cities on earth. Edinburgh is a delight to explore on foot; most of its attractions are contained within a compact central area. Edinburgh Castle is the natural starting-point for any visit. It is a famous fortress, which is situated in the centre of the city on a high hill called Castle Rock. The oldest parts of the building date back to about 1100. Visitors can also look round the Palace of Holyroodhouse, the Queen's official residence in Scotland.

The main cities of Wales are Cardiff, its capital, Swansea and Newport. Wales is famous for its medieval castles that stretch like an iron chain across Wales. Belfast, the capital of Northern Ireland, is one of the youngest capitals of the world. It is a city of the 19th century and of the industrial revolution.

In the South part of England there are quite a lot of other famous cities. Brighton is the largest holiday bathing resort of the south coast. It is famous for its Indian-style palace, called the Royal Pavilion. It is a popular place for people to go for a holiday.

Windsor is famous for its castle, which is an official residence of the royal family. When the Queen is at the castle a special flag is put up to tell everybody. Some of the interior apartments are open to the public when the Queen is not in residence. In 1993 the castle was seriously destroyed by fire.

Bath is known for its natural hot spring, the only one in Britain, as well as for its old Roman baths, which remain the heart of the city. Another spectacular sight of Bath is the Abbey, which is called the 'lantern of the west' as it features more window than wall. The city is also famous for its annual agricultural shows and music festivals.

Oxford and Cambridge, known as Oxbridge, are famous for the oldest and most prestigious universities, founded in the 13th century. Most of their students are former public school leavers. The universities have over a hundred societies and clubs, enough for every interest one could imagine.

Stratford-upon-Avon lies at the very heart of England. It attracts people not only by its history and connection with William Shakespeare, but also by its wonderful nature and typical English character. Here you can visit Shakespeare's birthplace (it is a museum now), Grammar school which he attended, Holy Trinity Church where he was buried and, of course, the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, which is a living memorial to the poet's work.

One of the famous cities in the centre of England is Nottingham which is known throughout the world for its associations with the legend of Robin Hood. At the heart of the Robin Hood legend there is his former home, the magnificent Forest of Sherwood, situated not far from Nottingham. The name of Robin Hood is closely connected with Nottingham Castle, which is in the city itself. At the foot of the Castle there is a statue of Robin Hood. Now it houses a Museum of Fine and Applied Arts and contains paintings by many famous artists.

Another famous city in the central England is York, which was once the capital of a Viking kingdom. It is known for its chocolate factories, the National Railway Museum and the Viking Centre, an archaeological museum where visitors are carried in «time-cars» through a vivid recreation of York under the Danish kings with the sights, sounds and even smells of the period.

Chester is the most historic city in north-west England. Attractively set on the River Dee, the city has an ancient history dating back to its days as a Roman port and a fortress. It is famous for its black-and-white buildings and a splendid red sandstone cathedral. Visitors to Chester can stroll along a reconstructed Victorian street and visit its unique galleried shops called Rows.

The main industrial cities in England are Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Newcastle. Liverpool is not only an industrial centre. First of all it is known all over the world as the birthplace of 'The Beatles'. In the Beatles Story Museum you can find everything about this famous group. Among other museums one can mention the Boat Museum and the branch of the Tate Gallery. There is also the largest Garden Zoo there. The city is famous for its sport, too. One of the biggest football stadiums in Britain is in Liverpool.

 

 

Text 6. The United States of America

Vocabulary

to occupy smth – занимать что-либо 
total area – общая площадь

to border on smth – граничить с чем-то

to have sea border with smth – иметь морскую границу с чем-либо

to be washed by smth – омываться чем-либо

to comprise – охватывать, включать 
federal district – федеральный округ

to be situated in smth – располагаться в чем-то

 population – население

climatic region – климатический район

subtropical - субтропический

arctic climate – арктический климат

on the border with smth – на границе с чем-то

to be rich in natural and mineral resources – быть богатым природными ресурсами и полезными ископаемыми

to produce copper – добывать медь

iron ore – железная руда

coal - уголь

highly developed industrial and agricultural country – высоко развитая промышленная и сельскохозяйственная страна

manufacturing industry – отрасль промышленности

armaments – вооружение

the world leading country – ведущая мировая держава

presidential republic – президентская республика 
highest legislative body – высший законодательный орган 
the Congress – Конгресс

to consist of smth – состоять из чего-либо

the House of Representatives – Палата представителей

the Senate - Сенат

to elect a senator for – избрать сенатора на

to make a law – создавать закон

to declare war – объявлять войну

to impeach the President – объявить импичмент президенту

to approve a justice – утвердить судью

to appoint the Supreme Court – назначить Верховный суд

the executive branch of the government – исполнительная ветвь власти

the Cabinet of Ministers – кабинет министров

to be elected – быть избранным

citizen - гражданин

to be a civilian – быть гражданским лицом

to sign a bill – подписать закон

to veto a bill – наложить вето на законопроект

the judicial branch of the government – судебная власть

to enforce a law – ввести закон в действие

constitutional – конституционный

 

The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). It is called the United States, the US, the USA, the States, America. The USA occupies the southern part of Northern America, Alaska in the north and some islands, including the Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is over nine and a half million square kilometers. The USA borders on Mexico in the south and Canada in the North. It has sea border with Russia, too. The western coast of the country is washed by the Pacific Ocean, and its eastern coast — by the Atlantic Ocean.

The USA comprises 50 states and one federal district, the District of Columbia, and has several territories. The capital of the country is Washington, D. C, situated in the district of Columbia. The population of the country is about 250 million people who live mostly in cities and towns. The population of Washington is about 3 million people. The USA is a very large country and has different climatic regions. The coldest regions are in the north and north-east of the country. The climate of the south of the USA is subtropical, Alaska has arctic climate. The climate along the Pacific coast is much warmer than that of the Atlantic coast because of the warm winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico. The USA is a state of rivers and lakes. America's largest rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rio Grande and the Columbia. The Great Lakes on the border with Canada are the deepest and the largest in the USA. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada.

The USA is rich in natural and mineral resources. It produces copper, iron ore and coal. It is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. The most important manufacturing industries of the USA produce planes, cars, textiles, radio and television sets, armament and paper, The UNA became the world leading country in the 19th century.

The USA is a presidential republic. The highest legislative body of the country is the Congress. It consists of two parts: the House of Representa-tives and the Senate. Each state elects two senators for four years. Л senator must be at least 30 years old, a citizen of the USA for 9 years, and live in the state he represents. The job of the Congress is to make laws, declare war, impeach the President, approve the justices that the President appoints to the Supreme Court.

The executive branch of the government is the President and the Cabinet of Ministers. The President is elected every four years. He must be at least 35 years old, born in the USA, a citizen of the country for 14 years, and be a civilian. The President can sign or veto a bill, ask the Congress to declare war, appoint justices to the Supreme Court.

The judicial branch of the government is the Supreme court. Its job is to enforce laws. The Supreme Court can decide if the law is constitutional or not. The three branches work together to protect the Constitution and the rights of people.

 

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. США занимает южную  часть Северной Америки, Аляску  и ряд островов, имеет морскую  границу с Россией и граничит  с Мексикой и Канадой.

2. США включает 50 штатов и один федеральный округ, округ Колумбию, где расположен Вашингтон.

3. Население США — около 250 миллионов, страна расположена в различных климатических поясах.

4. США богаты природными ресурсами и полезными ископаемым и и производят медь, железную руду и уголь.

5. Это высокоразвитая промышленная и сельскохозяйственная страна, отрасли ее промышленности производят машины, самолеты, текстиль, телевизоры, вооружения и бумагу.

6. США —президентская республика, ее высший законодательный орган — Конгресс, который состоит из двух частей: палаты представителей и сената.

7. Конгресс создает законы, объявляет войну, объявляет импичмент президенту, утверждает судей, которых президент назначает в Верховный суд.

8. Высшая исполнительная власть — это президент и кабинет министров.

9. Высшая судебная власть — это Верховный суд, который проводит в жизнь законы и решает, является ли закон конституционным.

 

 

 

Text 7.  WASHINGTON, DC

Vocabulary

Washington – Вашингтон

the District of Columbia – округ Колумбия  

the White House – Белый  Дом (резиденция президента США)

 the Capitol – Капитолий  (здание конгресса США)

 the Congress – Конгресс

the Supreme Court – Верховный суд

Pierree L'Enfant – Пьер Ланфан

the Library of Congress – Библиотека конгресса

Oval Office – Овальный  кабинет (рабочий кабинет президента США)

the Lincoln Memorial – памятник  Линкольну

the Washington Monument – обелиск  в честь Джорджа Вашингтона

the Declaration of Independence – Декларация  независимости (принята 4 июля 1776 года вторым континентальным конгрессом в период войны за независимость Северной Америки (1775-1783); провозглашала отделение колоний от метрополии и образование самостоятельного государства — США)

to design – проектировать , создавать

to settle – поселять , заселять

huge – огромный , колоссальный

dome – купол

circle – круг  

pillar – столб , колонна

affair – дело

to get lost – заблудиться

to contain – содержать

manuscript – рукопись

 personal papersл – личные  бумаги

official residence – официальная резиденция

impressive – производящий впечатление, впечатляющий

original – оригинал

diamond – алмаз , бриллиант

 skyscraper – небоскреб

 

Washington is the capital of the United States of America. It's situated in the District of Columbia and is like no other city in the USA. It's the world's largest one-industry city. And that industry is government. The White House, where the US President lives and works, the Capitol, the home of the US Congress, and the Supreme Court, are all in Washington.

Washington was named after the first US President George Washington. He selected the place for the capital and Pierre L'Enfant, a French engineer, designed the city.

Washington was first settled in 1790 and since 1800 it has been the federal capital.

Washington is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the United States. In the very centre of it rises the huge dome of the Capitol — a big white dome standing on a circle of pillars. The 535 members of the Congress meet here to discuss the nation's affairs. It's easy to get lost in this huge building, full of paintings and statues.

Not far from the Capitol is the Library of Congress, the largest library in the States. It contains more than 13 million books, more than 19 million manuscripts, including the personal papers of the US presidents.

The White House is the official residence of the US President. He works in the Oval Office.

One can hardly find a park, a square or an open area in Washington without a monument or a memorial. The most impressive and the best-known ones are the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument.

There aire some important museums in Washington where you can see all kinds of things: famous paintings and sculptures, the dresses of Presidents's wives, the original of the Declaration of Independence, the largest, blue diamond in the world, etc.

There are 5 universities in Washington.

There are no skyscrapers in Washington, because they would hide the city's many monuments from view. No building in the city may be more than 40 metres tall.

Thousands of tourists visit Washington every day. People from all parts of the United States come to see their capital.

 

Answer the following questions:

1. Where is Washington situated? 2. Is Washington a typical American city? 3. It's the world's largest one-industry city, isn't it? What kind of industry is it? 4. What important government buildings are situated in Washington? 5. Where does the US president live and work? 6. Who selected the place for the capital of the USA? 7. Is there a monument to George Washington in the city? 8. When was Washington first settled? 9. Who designed the capital of the USA? 10. What places of interest in Washington do you know? 11. How many universities are there in Washington? 12. Why aren't there any skyscrapers in Washington?

 

Text 8. American Climate

Vocabulary

temperate — умеренный

extremely — чрезвычайно, очень

particularly — особенно

seaboard — морское побережье

to determine — определять

range — цепь

favourable — благоприятный

agriculture — сельское хозяйство

beyond — за, по ту сторону

vast — обширный

dry — сухой, засушливый

to extend — простираться, тянуться

farther — дальше

wet — влажный

on the whole — в целом

to resemble — иметь сходство,

boundary — граница

rainfall — атмосферные осадки

irrigation — орошение, ирригация