Методичка по английскому языку

The first one is Russia's contribution to space exploration. The theory of space exploration was created in the USSR before the Second World War by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. Under the direction of the designer and engineer Sergei Korolev a liquid-fuelled missile R-7 Semyorka was built. II was an intercontinental ballistic missile and an excellent basis for a space launch vehicle. Launching the first satellite Sputnik 1 on the 4th of 1957 immediately became a sensation the world over.

Russia could boast many firsts in space travel. Among the most important ones are launching the R-7 Semyorka, launching the first man-made satellite Sputnik 1 into the Earth orbit, sending the first animal to enter orbit in space, the first manned flight by Yuri Gagarin on board Vostok, the first dual manned flight and approach in space, the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova on Vostok 6, first docking between two manned craft in Earth orbit and exchange of crews, taking the first probe on the Moon, the first images of the Moon's far side, the first robotic space rover Lunokhod 1, the first space station Salyut 1 (1971), the first woman to walk in space, Svetlana Savitskaya in 1984, the first crew to spend over one year in space (1987), the first permanently manned space station Mir which orbited the Earth from 1986 until 2001, the first space satellite launched in 1998 from a submarine.

The second thing I admire is Russian classical music which is famous all over the world for the complex harmony it offers, Russia has a long history of classical music. The first important Russian composer was Mikhail Glinka (1804—1857) who added religious and folk elements to classical compositions, composing operas like Ruslan and Lyudmila and Ivan Susanin which were distinctively Russian yet based on the Italian tradition. Glinka and the composers who made up The Mighty Handful

after him (Rimsky-Korsakov, Mussorgsky, Balakirev, Borodin and Cesar Cui) were often influenced by Russian folk music and tales. Among the Mighty Handful's most notable compositions were the operas The Snow Maiden, Sadko, Boris Godunov, Prince Igor and Khovanshchina, and the symphonic suite Scheherazade.

Other prominent Russian composers include Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninoff, and in the 20th century Stravinsky, Prokofiev, Scriabin and Shostakovich. Of these, Tchaikovsky remains the most well-known outside Russia, and his fame as the country's most famous composer is unquestioned. He is best known for ballets like Swan Lake and The Nutcracker.

The third thing I admire is Russian classical literature universally known for its psychological depth and powerful style. Many prose writers and poets all over the world have been influenced by the giants of Russian classical literature like Pushkin, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Chekhov, to name only a few.

 

Translate the following sentences into Engish:

1. Русские гордятся многими достижениями в науке, искусстве и литературе.

2. Наука и искусство России изобиловали великими именами в течение многих веков, а страна считалась во всем мире великой державой, однако многие люди особенно ассоциируют с Россией некоторые ее достижения.

3. В освоении космоса Россия может гордиться многими инновациями, самые важные среди которых: запуск первого искусственного спутника Земли на ее орбиту, первый запуск космического корабля с животным на борту, первый пилотируемый полет, сближение кораблей в космосе, взятие первых образцов лунной почвы, первые фотографии темной стороны Луны и многие другое.

4. Русская классическая музыка известна во всем мире своей сложной гармонией и имееет долгую историю.

5. Наиболее известные русские композиторы-классики — это Глинка, Мусоргский, Бородин, Чайковский.

6. Чайковский остается самым знаменитым за пределами России русским композитором, он известен своими балетами, а слава его несомненна.

 

 

 

Text 4. Holidays in Russia

Vocabulary

Christmas - Рождество

Day of the Defender of Motherland – День Защитника Отечества

Independence Day – День Независимости

National Reconciliation Day – День примирения и согласия

Father Frost – Дед Мороз

Snow Maiden – Снегурочка

to see the New Year in – Встречать Новый Год

sparkling champagne – искрящееся шампанское

to make merry – веселиться

renewed – новорожденный

Jesus Christ – Иисус Христос

Bethlehem – Вифлеем

wise men – волхвы

worship - поклоняться

frankincense – ладан

myrrh – мирра

Trade Union – профсоюзы

summer cottage – дача

ally – союзник

military parade – военный парад

to lay wreath – возлагать венок

eternal – вечный

inscription – надпись

to perish – погибать

newly-married couple – молодожены

missing in action – пропавший без вести

Easter – Пасха

resurrection – воскрешение

Christ is risen! – Христос воскрес!

expected answer – ожидаемый ответ

He is risen indeed! – Воистину воскрес!

 

There are many national holidays in Russia, when people all over the country do not work and have special celebrations.

The major holidays are; New Year's Day, Christmas, Day of the Defender of Motherland, Women's Day, May Day, Victory Day, Independence Day and National Reconciliation Day.

New Year's Day is the first holiday of the year. It is very popular. There is a New Year tree in every house and in the streets. Father Frost and Snow Maiden present children and adults with the gifts. People see the New Year in at midnight on the 31st of December. They greet the New Year with wine glasses of sparkling champagne and say toasts "Happy New Year!", "Here is to you", etc. It's time for eating, drinking and making merry. People consider New Year's Day to be a family holiday.

Christmas is a renewed holiday in our country. It's celebrated on the 7th of January. The holiday is connected with the wonderful birth of Jesus Christ. On that day Jesus Christ Was born in Bethlehem. When Jesus was born, wise men from the East came to worship him. They gave the child presents — gold, frankincense and myrrh. That's why people nowadays give their friends and relatives Christmas presents.

Day of the Defender of Motherland is celebrated on the 23rd of February. We congratulate our fathers, grandfathers and young men with the little presents

and cards.

Women's Day is celebrated on the 8th of March. We congratulate all the girls, mothers and grandmothers with this holiday. Usually they get flowers, cards and presents. On the 8th of March all the boys and men try to be very polite, they help to cook meal and do everything about the house. Usually there are very good TV programmes. All of them are about love, spring and beautiful women.

May Day is celebrated two days. It is called now the Day of Spring and Labour. The members of the Trade Unions have their demonstrations on this day. Many people go to their summer cottages and spend this holiday there.

Victory Day is the greatest national holiday in our country. On the 9th of May 1945 the Soviet Army and its allies completely defeated the German fascists and the Great Patriotic War ended for our peoples. We lost 30 million people during this war. Many veterans meet on this day. They also participate in the military parade on Red Square and lay wreath on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. There is an Eternal Flame there and the inscription "Your name is unknown, but your deed is immortal". This is a monument to all those, who were perished during this war. We have a very nice tradition: the just married couple always puts flowers there. In such a way they show their respect and gratitude to the people, who were killed and missed in action. On the 9th of May there are very many people in the streets, squares, parks. Young people usually give flowers to the veterans and thank them for the victory. You can hear everywhere music and songs, which were popular during the war. A lot of guests from different countries of the world come to Moscow and other places to participate in the celebrations.

Independence Day is a new holiday in our country. On the 12th of June, 1992, the first President of Russia was elected.

The 7th of November is the National holiday. In November 7, 1917 the Revolution was in Russia. Many years we celebrated this day as the Day of the Revolution. Now it's called the National Reconciliation Day. Different parties have their meetings and manifestation on this day. They express their points of view at the development of the situation in Russia.

Besides this holidays we also celebrate Easter. It is a very popular holiday in Russia in commemoration of the resurrection of Jesus. On the Easter day people greet each other by the words "Christ is risen!" And the expected answer is "He is risen indeed!". People also paint eggs and give them to one another as a symbol of eternal life.

 

 

Text 5. Russia's Educational System

Vocabulary

to be inherited from smth – быть унаследованным от чего-либо

free - бесплатный

to pass entrance exams – сдавать экзамены

to provide smb with scholarships – предоставить кому-либо стипендии

free housing – бесплатное жилье

to produce literacy – привести к грамотности

to fund institutions entirely from the federal and regional budgets – финансировать институты полностью из федерального и регионального бюджетов

to provide adequate salaries – обеспечить достойную зарплату

student's scholarship – стипендия студентов

to maintain facilities – содержать здания

to open commercial positions – открыть платные места

higher education institution – вуз

to emerge – возникнуть

to be enrolled in private universities – поступить в платные университеты

to be arranged into – подразделяться на

secondary education – среднее образование

higher education – высшее образование

postgraduate education – аспирантур а

graduation – окончание (учебного заведения)

compulsory - обязательный

Certificate of Incomplete Secondary Education – атестат о неполном среднем образовании

community college – общественный колледж

non-governmental higher education establishment – негосударственный вуз

to be state accredited – иметь государственную аккредитацию

to confer a degree – присвоить степень 
Bachelor's Degree – степень бакалавра 
Specialist's Degree – степень специалиста 
Master's Degree – степень магистра

to offer a degree – обеспечивать возможность получения степени

to obtain a degree – получить степень

to pursue postgraduate education – продолжить образование после окончания вуза

to result in the Candidate of Sciences Degree – привести к получению степени кандидата наук

to be accompanied by smth – сопровождаться чем-либо

honourary degree – почетная степень

assistant professor – доцент

 

Russian education system was originally inherited from the Soviet Union without any significant changes. In the Soviet Union, education of all levels was free for anybody who could pass entrance exams; students were provided with small scholarships and free housing. It has produced nearly 100 % literacy. In the Soviet Union institutions were funded entirely from the federal and regional budgets. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, institutions found themselves unable to provide adequate teachers' salaries, students' scholarships, and to maintain their facilities. Many state institutions started to open commercial positions. The number of those positions has been growing steadily since then. Many private higher education institutions have emerged, too. In 2004, 35 % of all first-year students were paying for their own education in state institutions and 20 % were enrolled in private universities.

Education in Russia may be arranged into three major groups: secondary education, higher education, and postgraduate education. Secondary education in Russia usually takes eleven years to complete. After graduation from the 9th grade, which is compulsory, a pupil obtains a Certificate of Incomplete Secondary Education. After that a pupil has can either continue education for two more years at the secondary school, or to go to a Community College. The latter variant usually takes three to four years to complete and provides a pupil with qualification sufficient for most blue-collar jobs.

After obtaining a Certificate of Complete Secondary Education a student can enter a University or a Community College. Nowadays, the country has 685 governmental higher education institutions and 619 nongovernmental higher education establishments (1,162 of which are state-accredited). In 2003-2004, the total number of students of higher education institutions was 5,947,500.

There are three different degrees that are conferred by Russian universities: Bachelor's Degree (4 years), Specialist's Degree (5-6 years), and Master's Degree (6 years). Bachelor's degrees were introduced relatively recently and are not offered by many six-year institutions. After obtaining a Specialist's or Master's Degree, a student may pursue postgraduate education. The first level of postgraduate education is aspirantura that usually results in the Candidate of Sciences Degree, roughly equivalent to the Ph. D. in the United States. The second stage would result in the Doctor's Degree. A Candidate of Sciences Degree may be accompanied by honourary degree of assistant professor and a Doctor's Degree may be accompanied by honourary degree of professor.

 

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Образовательная система  России была унаследована от  Советского Союза. Определенное время образование было бесплатным для любого, кто проходил вступительные экзамены, студенты обеспечивались небольшими стипендиями и бесплатным жильем.

2. В Советском Союзе вузы финансировались полностью из фе-дерального и регионального бюджетом, и постсоветской России многие институты не смогли обеспечивать достойные зарплаты преподавателям и стипендии студентам и стали  предлагать. (от-крывать) платные места.

3. Появилось много частных вузов, которые были аккредитованы государством, в них учится около 20 % студентов.

4. Среднее образование в России обязательно до 9 класса включительно, после чего ученик получает сертификат о неполном среднем образовании.

5. Университеты России присваивают следующие степени: степень бакалавра, степень кандидата и степень магистра.

6. Выпускники могут продолжить образование после окончания вуза, в результате которого они могут получить степень кандидат наук или доктора наук.

7. Степени кандидата наук и доктора наук могут сопровождаться почетными званиями, соответственно, доцента и профессора.

 

 

Text 6. Moscow

Vocabulary

to boast a number of unique sights – гордиться рядом уникальных достопримечательностей

to be built under the supervision of smb – строиться под руководством кого-либо

architect – архитектор

to be built for decoration – быть построенным для украшения

the Archangel Cathedral – Архангельский собор

the Annunciation Cathedral – Благовещенский собор

to hold  receptions – проводить приемы

the Tsar Cannon – Царь-пушка

the Tsar Bell – Царь-колокол

marketplace – рыночная площадь

meeting spot for popular assemblies – место проведения народных собраний

the Lenin Mausoleum – Мавзолей В.И. Ленина

tomb – гробница, захоронение

the Cathedral of Basil  the Beautified – Собор Василия Блаженного

cupola – купол

dome – купол, свод

to extend - простираться

the merchants' quarter – торговый квартал, квартал купцов 
main thouroughfare – главная магистраль

to be lined with smth – быть обрамленным чем-либо

the Christ the Saviour Cathedral – Храм Христа Спасителя

to encircle - окружать

to be demolished – быть разрушенным

notable feature – заметная черта, отличительная черта

boulevard - бульвар

Gothic-influenced – испытавший на себе влияние готического стиля

Skyscraper – небоскреб

free-standing structure – отдельно стоящее здание

broadcast tower - телебашня

the Museum of Oriental Cultures – Музей восточных культур

the National Exhibition Centre – Всероссийский выставочный центр

recreation area – зона отдыха

Botanical gardens – Ботанические сады

Ornate – богато украшенный

underground – метро

to be regarded as smth – считаться чем-либо

 

There is a lot to see in Russia, but first of all foreign tourists visit the capital of our country, Moscow, its economic and cultural centre.

The first thing I would advise a foreigner to see and the most popular Moscow sight is the Kremlin. First, it is one of the most ancient sights of Moscow. Second, it has long been a symbol of Moscow, and a foreign guest can't fail to see it. It was built as a fortress in the 15th-16th century under the supervision of Italian architects. The twenty towers on the Kremlin wall were built in the 17th century for decoration. Among the ancient buildings Inside the Kremlin are the famous churches: the Archangel Cathedral with tombs of princes and tsars, the Blagoveshchensky (Annunciation) Cathe-dral with Andrey Rublyov's frescoes, the Uspensky cathedral, Granovitaya palata (Palace) where receptions were held by Russian tsars, and the Grand Kremlin Palace. Among other historical monuments of the Kremlin are the Tsar Cannon and the Tsar Bell, both of enormous size.

Near the Kremlin is the huge Red Square, the most famous Russia's square. Originally it was a marketplace and a meeting spot for popular assemblies; it is still used as a parade ground and for demonstrations. On the west side of Red Square and along the Kremlin wall are the Lenin Mausoleum and the tombs of Soviet political figures; on the north side is the completely rebuilt Kazan Cathedral (constructed in the 17th century, razed by Stalin, and rebuilt in 1993); and at the southern end stands the imposing Cathedral of Basil the Beautified. The cathedral has numerous cupolas, each a different color, grouped around a central dome. In front of the cathedral stands a monument to Minin and Pozharski.

Near Red Square extends the old district of Kitaigorod. It is one of the oldest places in Moscow, once the merchants' quarter, later the banking section, and now an administrative centre with various government offices and ministries. Tverskaya Street (formerly Gorky Street), a main thoroughfare, extends from the Kremlin and is lined with modern buildings. Near the beginning of Tverskaya Street is Treatre Square, containing the world-famous Bolshoi and Maly treatres. Encircling the Kremlin and Kitaigorod is the Bely Gorod (white city), traditionally the most elegant part of Moscow and now a commercial and cultural area. In the Bely Gorod is the Christ the Saviour Cathedral; demolished in 1931, it was rebuilt in 1990s.

Notable features of Moscow are the concentric rings of wide boulevards. Post-Soviet Moscow has seen renewed construction, including the Triumph-Palace, which echoes Stalin's Gothic-influenced Seven Sisters skyscrapers and is the tallest building in Europe. The tallest free-standing structure in Moscow is the Ostankino Tower (1967), a broadcast tower and tourist attraction that rises 1,771 ft (540 m). Among Moscow's many cultural and scientific institutions are the University of Moscow (founded in 1755), the Russian Academy of Sciences, a conservatory (1866), the Tretyakov Art Gallery, the museum of Fine Arts, the Museum of Oriental Cultures, the State Historical Museum, the National Exhibition Centre. Treatres include the Moscow Art Treatre, the world-famous Bolshoi, the Maly Treatre and many others. Numerous large parks and recreation areas include Gorky Central Park, the forested Izmailovo and Sokolniki parks, and Ostankino Park, with its Botanical gardens.

The ornate underground regarded by many as the most beautiful underground in the world was opened in 1935.