Влияние исторического положения Вирджинии на формирование современных культурных традиций

МИНИСТЕРСТВО  ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ 

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное  учреждение  высшего профессионального  образования

     «Оренбургский государственный университет»

Кафедра иностранных языков гуманитарных и  социально-экономических специальностей 
 

Реферат 

По дисциплине « Иностранный язык»

на тему: «Влияние исторического положения Вирджинии на формирование современных культурных традиций». 
 
 
 

Выполнил:

Сафарова Ю.Р.

Студентка группы 11УП (б) УПО

Проверил:

Антонюк Е.А. 
 
 

Оренбург, 2012г.

     Содержание: 

1. Brief Survey
2. Festivals
3. Neptune Festival
4. List of Virginia symbols
5. Climate
6. The languages of USA
7. Краткая историческая справка
8. Праздники
9. Фестиваль Нептуна
10. Государственные символы
11. Климат
12. Языки США

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

     Brief survey 

     The Commonwealth of Virginia is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population is over eight million. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution and joined the Confederacy in the American Civil War, during which Richmond was made the Confederate capital and Virginia's northwestern counties separated to form the state of West Virginia.

     Virginia was a focal point in conflicts from the French and Indian War, the American Revolution and the Civil War, to the Cold War and the War on Terrorism. Stories about historic figures, such as those surrounding Pocahontas and John Smith, George Washington's childhood, or the plantation elite in the slave society of the antebellum period, have also created potent myths of state history.

     In 1583, Queen Elizabeth I of England granted Walter Raleigh a charter to explore and plant a colony north of Spanish Florida. In 1584, Raleigh sent an expedition to the Atlantic coast of North America. The name "Virginia" may have been suggested then by Raleigh or Elizabeth, perhaps noting her status as the "Virgin Queen", and may also be related to a native phrase, "Wingandacoa", or name, "Wingina".Initially the name applied to the entire coastal region from South Carolina to Maine, plus the island of Bermuda. The London Company was incorporated as a joint stock company by the proprietary Charter of 1606, which granted land rights to this area. The Company financed the first permanent English settlement in the "New World", Jamestown. Named for King James I, it was founded in May 1607 by Christopher Newport. In 1619, colonists took greater control with an elected legislature called the House of Burgesses. With the bankruptcy of the London Company in 1624, the settlement was taken into royal authority as a British crown colony.

     Festivals 

     The annual Chincoteague Pony Swim features over 200 wild ponies swimming across the Assateague Channel into Chincoteague.

     Many counties and localities host county fairs and festivals. The Virginia State Fair is held at the Meadow Event Park every September. Also in September is the Neptune Festival in Virginia Beach, which celebrates the city, the waterfront, and regional artists. Norfolk's Harborfest, in June, features boat racing and air shows. Fairfax County also sponsors Celebrate Fairfax with popular and traditional music performances. The Virginia Lake Festival is held during the third weekend in July in Clarksville. Wolf Trap hosts the Wolf Trap Opera Company, which produces an opera festival every summer.

     On the Eastern Shore island of Chincoteague the annual Pony Swim & Auction of feral Chincoteague ponies at the end of July is a unique local tradition expanded into a week-long carnival. The Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival is a six-day festival held annually in Winchester that includes parades and bluegrass concerts. The Old Time Fiddlers' Convention in Galax, begun in 1935, is one of the oldest and largest such events worldwide. Two important film festivals, the Virginia Film Festival and the VCU French Film Festival, are held annually in Charlottesville and Richmond, respectively.

     The Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival, a six-day festival held annually in Winchester, Virginia, is known for its many guest celebrities and events. The festival was first held Saturday, May 3, 1924, and was originally celebrated as a one day event (although not held in 1941-1945 due to World War II). Features include a Grand Feature Parade, Firefighters' Parade (first held on Thursday, April 18, 1929), a carnival and midway, luncheons, races, walks, dances, and concerts, as well as a field show competition which formerly gave out the Queen's Cup trophy to the winner (although the trophy was retired in 1992 by Dartmouth High School of Massachusetts after winning the competition three straight years). The Queen, Queen Shenandoah, has been crowned every year at John Handley High School (with the exception of 2007 due to ongoing renovations), starting with the original Queen, Elizabeth Steck (Arthur).

     A loss of interest during the 1930s prompted the appointment of Tom Baldridge to the seat of Executive Director of the festival. He was also employed at MGM in the publicity department, which allowed him the opportunity to schedule celebrities, in turn renewing public interest in the festival. The period of the 1960s and 1970s introduced various new aspects to the festival including: The first visit by a President, Lyndon B. Johnson (1964), the beginning of attendance by sports celebrities Jack Dempsey (1965), and the premier of Sunday in the Park (1975). A favorite of children, even in present times, got its start in the festival in 1981, the Cole Brothers Circus of the Stars. To date, this is one of the oldest civic celebrations in the Commonwealth of Virginia.

     During the spring, in preparation for the festival, the citizens of Winchester hold an annual clean-up, followed by decoration of the city in green, pink and white (festival colors), in order to make Winchester more presentable for its anticipated guests. Although the city only has a population of about 24,000, festival organizers estimate a total attendance of 250,000 to 300,000. Dan Aykroyd and wife Donna Dixon, a native of Northern Virginia, frequent the parade, and also own a summer house in Winchester, which they visit often. Over the last few years the guests have included Sean Astin, Al Roker, and Willard Scott. In 2004, Chevy Chase and his daughters appeared. His daughters had been nominated Fire Marshall.

     Most recently, the festival of 2007 was the 75th anniversary of the Firefighters' Parade, still one of the largest parades of its kind in the nation.

     Once a year, in the end of July and in the beginning of August Abingdon and their neighborhoods are animated - the days of 'Mountain Holiday' are coming in Virginia (Virginia Highlands Festival).

     Its history began in 1948 - when the holiday was timed to coincide with the opening of Theatre Barter Theatre (State Theatre of Virginia), and the event was to preserve the cultural heritage of the places and familiarization with all comers.

     Over the past 60 years the holiday becomes the way of representation southwestern Virginia for eyes of compatriots from other states and tourists: now Virginia Highlands Festival takes place in hundreds of the most attractive tourist events in the United States and in twenty of those in the Southeast region of the country. The holiday has many features - exhibitions of works of art, 'crafts' and photographs  where judges determine the best artists (as the persistence of traditional arts and crafts of the region) the most famous writers and lecturers of the country, as well as artists of a genre variety. All of it is on the background of wide selection of entertainments and the biggest market of rarities and antiquities.

     In addition there are many others events in and around the city, becoming a surprise even to the abingdontsev. For example, in 2009, guests of 'Mountain Holiday' could admire 'budvayzerovskih dray', they remained the fact how in 1933, after the abolition of 'dry law', the son of the owner of the brewery Sr. August Bush, (who does not know the famous Budweiser brand !), presented  him red-white-gold wagon for beer, which was drawn by huge powerful horses, which then taken to the holiday, the first after the resolution of liquor, beer party in St. Louis.

     The actors play scenes of the history of the United States, reviving it in the streets with live music, reading and discussing literary works, all set off by the atmosphere of the old city Abingdon. For the best amusement, just in a month after the end of festival more than one hundred volunteers Virginians begin planning the next one. They should locate the information about an event, publicize brochures, make a schedule, to find accommodation for guests of the festival, and should not forget to leave room for tourists ... The conference of  preparing for the next festival takes place every month in first Thursday in month (except August and January holiday). And each new 'Mountain Festival' Can the glory! 

Neptune Festival 

     The Neptune Festival in Virginia Beach, Virginia was created by Virginia Beach Chamber of Commerce President and RK Chevrolet (also known as RK Auto) founder Richard Kline (businessman) in 1973 to celebrate the unique heritage of Virginia Beach. Since that time, the festival has grown to be one of America’s top 100 festivals and one of the top ten on the East Coast. The Library of Congress lists the Neptune Festival in its America’s Story website

     The Virginian-Pilot Beacon reported attendance of about 50,000 people at the first festival, with seafood selling out before the festival ended. Actor Lyle Waggoner from the Carol Burnett television show was the Grand Marshal of the parade.

     At the corner of 31st and Atlantic in Virginia Beach, there is a 26-foot-tall (7.9 m), 12-ton statue of Neptune, King of the Seas. In 1974, this statue was dedicated to Richard Kline and Frederick Napolitano, two businessmen who made the Neptune Festival a reality.

     For the 25th anniversary of the Neptune Festival, more than one million people attended, bringing $15 million into the local economy. The 2007 Neptune Festival will be the festival’s 34th anniversary 

     List of Virginia state symbols 

     The Virginia welcome sign at the Virginia welcome center on I-95 employs the state bird, the cardinal, and the state tree and flower, the dogwood.

     The state nickname is its oldest symbol, though it has never been made official by law. Virginia was given the title "Dominion" by King Charles II of England at the time of The Restoration, because it had remained loyal to the crown during the English Civil War, and the present moniker, "Old Dominion" is a reference to that title. The other nickname, "Mother of Presidents", is also historic, as eight Virginians have served as President of the United States, including four of the first five.

     The state's motto, Sic Semper Tyrannis, translates from Latin as "Thus Always to Tyrants", and is used on the state seal, which is then used on the flag. While the seal was designed in 1776, and the flag was first used in the 1830s, both were made official in 1930. The majority of the other symbols were made official in the late 20th century.

     The Virginia reel is among the square dances classified as the state dance. Virginia currently has no state song. In 1940, Virginia made "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny" the state song, but it was retired in 1997 and reclassified as the state song emeritus. Various alternatives, including a version of "Oh Shenandoah", have met with resistance in the Virginia House of Delegates.

     Seal - The great seal of Virginia is circular. In the center is a figure of Virtus, the goddess of virtue, dressed as a warrior. She holds a spear in her right hand, with its point held downward touching the earth. In her left hand is a sheathed sword pointing upward. Her left foot rests on the chest of the figure of tyrany, who is lying on the ground. Above the figure is the word "Virginia," and under the figures is the state motto "Sic Semper Tyrannis" or "Thus Always to Tyrants." The seal, designed by George Wythe, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was first adopted in 1776 and modified in 1930. 

     Climate 

     Virginia's weather has been described as a "Goldilocks Climate" - not too hot; not too cold - and is officially considered a humid, subtropical region due to winter frost. During the summer, it can get a bit "sticky" due to the abundant water along the East Coast with the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean as well as the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James rivers and their tributaries. But the air is cooler with less humidity in the mountains, on the average of 10 degrees cooler all four seasons.

     Whatever the weather may be when you visit Virginia, the long-term climate can be seen in the plants here. The Plant Hardiness Zone Map, which categorizes "plant hardiness" ratings, shows the influence of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The minimum temperature west of the mountains is 5 degrees cooler than east of the mountains. And in the Tidewater region, temperatures are 5 degrees warmer than the Piedmont due to the influence of the Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic Ocean. Although we have flowering Magnolias, we don't have palm trees like Florida.

     Virginia has five distinct climate regions: the Tidewater, Piedmont, Northern Virginia, Western Mountain and Southwestern Mountain. The different regions welcome Virginia visitors to a wide range of outdoor activities, such as snowskiing in the mountains and playing golf in the valley both in the same day! Golfing, hiking, bicycling and camping are year-around activities in Virginia, and the coastal regions provide plenty of opportunity for year-around water sports. 

     The languages of USA 

     There is no official state language in USA. Nevertheless in fact the official language is English (American English).

     About 80% of population call English as native language and about 96% of inhabitants of USA speak English well.

     Repeatedly offers of legislative fastening of English as state language of USA. Such decision was accept by some states but it wasn’t accept on federal level.

     Last decades amount of people in America which consider English is native language are decrease (in 1980 such people was 98%, in 1990-86%, now-about 80% of population of USA)

     The second language in USA is Spanish in which speak more then 12% of population. Spanish spread in south and West USA. The shares of inhabitants which consider Spanish as native language grow fast.

     Long time German take fives place on prevalence in the USA (about 17% of population is German nationality, it is the biggest ethnic group) but now German recede positions to Vietnamese and Philippine.

     Since 1980 the amounts of population in USA which consider Russian as native language increase in 4 times.

     Some community of Native Americans, Indians and Eskimos which use their native language are exist in USA.

     There is small amount of people who can speak “body language  of Indians” of Great Plains in USA. This language was create by Indians for communication among communities and used on immence territory from Canada to Mexico and from Mississippi river to Rocky mountains.

     Unknownly how much time Indians use body language, but body language was during appearance of the first European in America. In XIX more then 100 thousand person can use this language.

     More than 27 thousand people live in Hawaii and speak the Hawaiian. The Hawaiian is official language in Hawaii.

     Interesting that language of Navajo was used during The Second World War in USA Navy for safety negotiations. Navajo sat near the receivers and the transmitter  and talked among themselves in their native language. Japanese can’t split “language of radio operators” Navajo. 

     Краткая историческая справка 

     Вирджиния – штат на востоке США, один из так  называемых Южно-Атлантических штатов. Официальные названия – «Старый  доминион» и иногда «Мать президентов» после рождения там восьмого президента Соединенных Штатов. Столица содружества Виргинии – Ричмонд; Вирджиния-бич – наиболее популярный город, а страна Фэрфакса – наиболее популярное политическое подразделение. Население содружества превышает восемь миллионов жителей. Вирджиния была одной из 13 колоний во время американской революции и была присоединена к конфедерации во время Американской Гражданской Войны, во время когда Ричмонд стал столицей конфедерации и северо-восточный округ отделился от штата Восточной Вирджинии.

     Вирджиния была центром в конфликтах франко-индейской  войны, Американской революции и гражданской войны, холодной войны и войны с терроризмом. Рассказы об исторических личностях, таких как Покахонтас и Джон Смит, детство Джорджа Вашингтона, или плантации элиты в рабовладельческом обществе в довоенный период также создали мощную мифологию государственной истории.

     В 1583 году королева Елизавета I даровалала Уолтеру Рели хартию на исследование и формирование колоний к северу от испанской Флориды. В 1584 Рэли отправил экспедицию на Атлантическое побережье Северной Америки. Название «Вирджиния», возможно, было предложено Рэли или Елизаветой, возможно, чтобы отметить  ее статус как «Королевы девственницы», также название может быть связано с национальной фразой «wingandacoa» или именем «Винджина». Первоначально название применялось ко всей прибрежной зоне от Южной Каролины до Мэн, включая остров Бермуды. Лондонсая компания «Ландон компани» была зарегистрирована как акционерная компания и собственность Хартии в 1606 году, которая предоставила права на землю в этой местности. Компания финансировала первые постоянные английские поселения в «новом мире», Джеймстаун. Названный в честь короля Джеймса I он был основан в Мае 1607 года Кристофером Ньюпортом. В 1619 году колонисты основали контроль с избранным законодательным органом власти  названный Дом членов Парламента. В связи с банкротством лондонской компании «Ландон Кампании» в 1924 году, поселение было передано во власть королевы как Британская колония короны.