Автор: Пользователь скрыл имя, 02 Июля 2015 в 23:35, реферат
Ralph Johnson Bunche, an American political scientist, academic and diplomat, said: «The United Nations is our one great hope for a peaceful and free world». Does the United Nations meet the expectations or not? Is it a successful or failure international organization? How does the United Nations improve itself or it does not do that at all? These questions are going to be answered in the following work.
The United Nations is an international organization which was created in order to maintain and strengthen an international peace and security, develop friendship between the states, implement the international cooperation in economic, social, cultural and other areas. This organization was created after the Second World War at conference in San Francisco in 1945. At the beginning of its existence there were 51 states. Now it has 193 Member States. As for structure, the United Nations consist of six main components, which are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and the Social Council, the International Court of Justice, the Trusteeship Council and the Secretariat. The UN's Chief Administrative Officer is the Secretary-General. At the present time this position is held by Ban Ki-moon. Official languages of the United Nations are English, Spanish, Chinese, Russian and French.
The United Nations
was founded on such principles as equality of all members, peace solutions
of disputes, abstention from threats of use of force. However, the UN
has no right to interfere with internal affairs of the state. Exception
is cases when such intervention is required for peacekeeping. According
to the UN's Charter, the Security Council is permanent body, which is
most responsible for the world peace. Later such specialized organizations
as UNESCO, WHO, ILO, FAO, UNICEF were created under the auspices of
the United Nations. Their powers, functions and activity allow capturing
all set of the issues entering competence of the international organization.
All peaceful states which are ready to accept all obligations and conditions
represented in the Charter of the UN can become members of the United
Nations. These obligations concern with rules of conduct of the states
in a peaceful time and in the conditions of some conflicts which could
happen on the international scene.
During its existence the United Nations’ bodies have been coping with many great political, economic
and other issues in the field of international relations. First of all,
it is an important thing to touch issues which were after the Second
World War. It could show that the organization started to work successfully
immediately. The first issue is the establishment of control over atomic
energy. In 1946 the General Assembly founded the commission for consideration
of the problems which concerned with opening of atomic energy, and other
ones connected with it. The second one is the regulation and the reduction of armaments
and armed forces. In 1946 at plenary session of General assembly Molotov,
the head of the delegation of the USSR, made the offer on general reduction
of armaments. It was provided successfully. The third one is the struggle
with the promotion of a new war. In 1947 Vyshinsky , the head of the
delegation of the USSR, at the second session of General assembly made
the offer on fight against instigators of new war. The are some other
issues: the principle of unanimity of the permanent members of the Security
Council, the Greek issue(1946), the Spanish issue(1946), the Indonesian
issue(1946), the incident in the Strait of Corfu(1947), the Palestinian
issue(1946). Moreover, the UN assists developing countries, develops
a system of international law and fights against terrorism and extremism.
In addition, there are represented other issues from the different parts
of the planet which were solved successfully by the United Nations.
As for Africa, there were the supporting of independence of Namibia,
the mission in South Sudan (2011). It was a mission In Asia and in the
Pacific Ocean of supporting Afghanistan. Moreover, the UN contributed
to the signing of a peace treaty between Indonesia and Portugal in 1999.
In Europe this organization coped with problems in Cyprus, resolved
the conflict in the former Yugoslavia. In 1992-1995 the UN helped Croatia
to restore peace and security. The civilian population in Bosnia and
Herzegovina was protected by the UN as well. In North and South America
the UN solved problems in Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala. In the
Middle East the United Nations settled the Arab-Israeli conflict. Moreover,
it resolved the issue in southern Lebanon and Iraq.
As for plans and aims, the United Nation has Millennium Declaration (2000), where it is represented the most valuable missions for the near future. Some targets, especially in the field of development, formulated specifically indicating the dates. Most of them are going to be achieved by the year of 2015 and 2020. They are some of missions: the elimination of poverty and hunger, the achieving of universal primary education, the reduction of child mortality, the fight against HIV and AIDS (also against malaria and other diseases), the ensuring environmental sustainability, the improvement of a global partnership for poor countries’ development. General Secretary of the United Nations regularly reports on the actual implementations of the commitments in his reports and speeches.
To sum up it should be said the United Nations is rather a success than
a failure. The United Nations did a lot. However, in order to cope with
future problems, issues and keep the world in the peace it needs new
good reforms. The events of the XXI century showed merits and demerits
of the United Nations. They also testify that the world community faced
new forms of threat which will demand new forms of action, reaction
and cooperation. The United Nations is the international organization,
first of all, which is responsible for the world and safety on the planet.
It is the center which coordinates foreign policy of the states, and
the solution of many important problems directly depends on it. If the
United Nations is able to show obvious readiness for adaptation and
updating of own mission, it will be able to give confidence for countries
and for people in particular and to get support of the governments and
the people of all countries of the world. And it is guarantee of successful
future of the United Nations.