Шпаргалка по "Стилистике английского языка"

2) the use of elliptical sentences (Where’s he? – At home; Like it?= Do you like it)

3) using the Present tense instead to the Past tenses

 

The syntax of Cs is also characterized by the preferable use of simple sentences or by asyndetic connection between the part of composite sentences or between separate sentence.

 

The colloquial voc. Consist of:

1. Common colloquial words,

2. Slang is used to specified some elements what may be called over-colloquial. (The cat's pyjamas — 'the correct thing'; Bread-basket — 'the stomach')

3. Jargonisms are generally old words with new meanings imposed on them. Its aim is to preserve secrecy within a social group.( grease = 'money'; loaf  = 'head';)

4. Professional words these are words used in a definite trade profession or calling by people connecting by common interests both in work and home. (tin-fish (=submarine); a midder (=a midwifery))

5. Dialectical words use in some area.(lass  = 'a girl or a beloved girl‘; lad = 'a boy or a young man)

6. Vulgar words expletives and swear words of an abusive character and obscene words

7. Colloquial coinages.

 
 
 
 
 
 

10.The literary layer of words.

Common literary words are chiefly used in writing and in polished speech. One can always tell a literary word from a colloquial words.

             Terms are mostly used special words dealing with the notions of some branches of science. The function of term is to indicate the technical peculiarities of the subject deal with.

           Poetic words form a rather insignificant layer of special literary voc. They are mostly archaic  and called on to sustain the special, elevated atmosphere of poetry. (eftsoons (eftsona - again, soon after)).

            Archaic words - words, which are no longer in use in present day English

Galperin names the following groups of archaic words, these are:

1) obsolescent (thou and its forms thee, thy and thine)

2) obsolete (methinks (=it seems to me); nay (=no);)

3) archaic proper - words which are no longer recognizable in modern English since of were in use in old English (troth (=faith); a losel (=a worthless, lazy fellow))

      Barbarism – these are words of foreign origin which have not entirely assimilated into the English language. (chic (=stylish); bon mot (=a clever witty saying); en passant (= in passing); ad infinitum (= to infinity). )               

    Neologisms – the words, specially coined according to the productive models of word-building. (tomatorama, bananarama (a sensational sale of bananas, tomatoes); - blends such as avigation (aviation+navigation), rockoon (rocket+balloon))

    Nonce-words – these are words coined to secure one particular occasion. They rarely pass into language as legitimate units of the voc. ("sevenish" (around seven o'clock); "morish" (a little more))

11.The general survey of the layers of the English vocabulary. Neutral words.

Some linguists say that the word-stock of any language is so large and heterogeneous that it is impossible to formalize it and present it in any system. In accordance with the division of language into literary and colloquial our scientist Galperin represent the whole of the word-stock of English language as being divided into three main layers:

    1. the literary layer; 2. the neutral layer; 3. the colloquial (разговорный) layer.

 

   The common properties which units the different groups of words within the layer, may be called its aspects.   1. The aspect of the literary layer is its bookish character, it makes the layer more or less stable. 2. The aspect of the colloquial layer is its lively spoken character, it makes the layer unstable, fleeting. 3. The aspect of the neutral layer is it universal character that means that it is unrestricted in use, it can be employed in all styles of language and in all the spheres of human activity, it makes the layer the most layer of all.

   The common literary, neutral and common colloquial words are grouped under the term standard English vocabulary. Other groups in the literary layer are regarded as special literary vocabulary and those in the colloquial layer are regarded as special colloquial (non-literary) vocabulary

   Neutral words, which form the bulk of the English vocabulary, are used in both literary and colloquial language. Neutral words are the main source of synonymy and polysemy. It is the neutral stock of words that is so prolific in the production of new meanings.

 

12. The peculiarities of the publicist style.

The publicist functional style

1. the language style of oratory
2. the language style of essays
3. the language style of feature articles in newspapers and journals

 

Main features of this style are:

1) clear logical argumentation and emotional appeal to the audience. In that way PS has features in common with the style of official works and with some elements of emotionally coloured colloquial style.

2) direct speech

3) the use of logically connected syntactic structure in their full form – complete extended sentences connected by conjunctions

4) using the emotionally coloured voc-ry

5) some authors may prefer verbosity, others – brevity of expression but all of them try to use stylistic devices for ornamented their speech.

6) vocabulary of bookish style

  13. The aim and the peculiarities of the style of official documents.

The Style of Official Documents

1) Language of business letters;

2) Language of legal documents;

3) Language of diplomacy;

4) Language of military documents;

 

The aim:

1. to reach agreement between two contracting parties;

2. to state the conditions binding two parties in an understanding. Each of substyles of official documents makes use of special terms.

 

This vocabulary is conservative. Official documents contain a large proportion of formal and archaic words used in their dictionary meaning. In diplomatic and legal documents many words have Latin and French origin. There are a lot of abbreviations and conventional symbols.

 

The most noticeable feature of grammar is the compositional pattern. Every document has its own stereotyped form. The form itself is informative and tells you with what kind of letter we deal with.

 

Morphological peculiarities are passive constructions, they make the letters impersonal. There is a tendency to avoid pronoun reference. Its typical feature is to frame equally important factors and to divide them by members in order to avoid ambiguity of the wrong interpretation.

14. The peculiarities of the style of scientific prose.

The style of scientific prose has 3 subdivisions:

1) the style of humanitarian sciences;

2) the style of "exact" sciences;

3) the style of popular scientific prose.

 

The peculiarities are: objectiveness; logical coherence, impersonality, unemotional character, exactness.

 

Voc-ry - words tend to be used in their primary logical meaning.

 

Syntax of SS is characterized by:

1) the use of complete sentences

2) the use of extended complex and compound sentences without omission of conjunction

3) the use of bookish syntactic construction

4) the use noun+noun construction (the sea level; carbon dioxide emission)

5) passive voice constructions

 
 
 
 

15.Syntactical stylistic devices.

Syntactical SD - SD based on the binary opposition of syntactical meaning regardless of semantics.

 

Rhetorical question is a statement in the form of the question & it presupposes the possible though not demanded answer. The positive form of the rhetorical question predicts the negative answer & the negative form – the positive answer. Ex.: Can we fly, my friends? Why can’t we fly?

 

Repetition is often used to increase the degree of emotion

• Ordinary repetition offers no fixed place for the repeated unit (he tore photo into small bits across and across and across)
• anaphora (a. . ., a. . . ., a. . . . .);The repetition of the same elements at the beginning of several sentence
• epiphora ( . . .a, a, . .a, . . .a);

  We should also distinguish morphological repetition, when a morpheme’s repeated usually in order to create a humorous effect. (She unchained, unbottled and unknocked the door)

 

Chaismus. This term denotes repetition of the same structure but with the opposite order of elements. (Down dropped the breeze, the sails dropped down)

 

Climax is repetition of elements of the sentence, which is combined with gradual increase in the degree of some quality or in quantity, or in the emotional coloring of the sentence.

 

Polysyndeton is also a kind of repetition where conjunctions & connecting words are repeated. ( And the coach, and the coachman, and the horses, rattled, and jangled, and whipped, and cursed, and swore, and tumbled on together, till they came to olden Square)

 

Asyndeton it offers no conjunctions & connectives for the syntactical connection. It’s mostly used to indicate tense energetic, organized activities or to show the succession of minute immediately following ach other action. (People sang. People cried. People fought. People loved. People hated... )

 

Ellipsis is the omission of one of the main parts of the sentence or both of them. Here, we must differentiate between the ellipsis used in the author’s narration in order to change its tempo & condense its structure & second – which is used in the heroes speech to reflect the oral norms & create the effect of the naturalness & affectivity of the dialogue. Ex.: A poor boy! (неполный) No father, no mother, no any one (полный). And if his feelings about the war got known, he’d be nicely in the soup. Arrested. Perhaps – got rid of, somehow.

 

Aposiopesis It is the sudden break of the narration. It’s the norm of the oral excited speech or the character’s deliberate stop in the utterance to conscal its meaning. Certain phrases often repeated with the intonation of the non-finished sentence become trite aposiopesis, they indicate that the speaker’s  idea of the possible continuation of the utterance exists in a very general non-detailed vague form. Ex.: Well, I never! (trite)   “She must leave – or – or, better yet – maybe drown herself – make away  with herself in some way – or – “ (original) 

 

Parallelism consists in the repetition of the whole structure of the sentence

• Complete parallelism – the presents identical structures of two or more successive clauses or sentence (Ex.: He was a sallow man – all cobblers are; and had a strong bristly beard – all cobblers have)
• Partial parallelism – the repeated sentence pattern may vary. Ex.: What is it? Who is it? When was it? Where was it? How was it? (ex.: Passage after passage did he explore; room after room did he peep into )