Автор: Пользователь скрыл имя, 07 Февраля 2013 в 19:48, доклад
Mood is a grammatical category of the verb, which is used to express speaker’s attitude towards the action expressed by the verb from the point of view of its reality. There are three moods in the English language: the indicative mood, the imperative mood and the oblique mood (which is also called the subjunctive mood).
The Indicative Mood is used to represent an action or state as a real fact and affirms or negates its existence in the present, past or future; it has two aspect forms (common and continuous) and two voice forms (active and passive).
Mood
Mood is a grammatical category of the verb, which is used to express speaker’s attitude towards the action expressed by the verb from the point of view of its reality. There are three moods in the English language: the indicative mood, the imperative mood and the oblique mood (which is also called the subjunctive mood).
The Indicative Mood is used to represent an action or state as a real fact and affirms or negates its existence in the present, past or future; it has two aspect forms (common and continuous) and two voice forms (active and passive):
Barbara lives in London.
Kazan was founded one thousand years ago.
Tomorrow at this hour we’ll be nearing the sea.
She has not finished her task yet.
It is also used to express a real condition, i.e. a condition the realization of which is considered possible:
If it rains, I shall stay at home.
If Catherine doesn’t listen to us, we shall disinherit her.
The Imperative Mood represents an action or state as desirable or undesirable and expresses a request or a command. The imperative mood has only one form for the second person singular and plural. It is performed by the basic form of the verb:
Hurry up!
Leave the door open!
The negative form of the verb in the imperative mood requires the auxiliary verb “do”:
Don’t go there!
Don’t be late!
The verb “do” can also be used emphatically:
Do let me go there!
Do be quiet!
The subject is rarely used in the sentences of such kind unless it is emphatic. This subject is usually expressed by the pronoun you, there are cases though when other pronouns are used. The feature is typical of colloquial speech; you must remember though that such commands may sound rude:
You better watch your step!
I’ll drive and you sleep awhile.
You sit here!
Everybody be cool, it’s a robbery!
With the first and the third person the combination “let + infinitive” is used to express a command or suggestion:
Let’s go!
Let them do it!
The corresponding negative is formed by “don’t” or “let’s not”:
Don’t let’s go there!
Let’s not go there!
The tag “will you” very often follows the imperative. In such sentences the order becomes modified into a kind of request:
Bring me the key, will you?
The Oblique Moods are used to represent an action or state as unreal, doubtful or desirable in the speaker’s mind. There are four oblique moods in Modern English to express different degrees of unreality or desirability, two of them are synthetic (i.e. they consist of one verb-form in the active or passive voice) and two are analytical (i.e. they consist of one notional and one auxiliary verb). The synthetic forms are subjunctive I and subjunctive II. The analytical forms are suppositional and conditional moods.
The Subjunctive I represents an action as problematic but not unreal and can express wish, suggestion, request, etc. It has only one grammatical form, i.e. the infinitive, and refers the action to the present or future:
If the weather be fine tomorrow, we shall go to the country. (It is unlikely that the weather is going to be fine the next day but still I consider it quite possible.)
I insist that the decision be adopted today. (I find it very important to adopt the decision now and not tomorrow.)
The subjunctive I is rarely used in modern English, it is mainly found in poetry and in elevated prose. We also use it in scientific language and official documents. Together with it these forms occur in some set expressions (mainly oaths, curses and swearings):
So be it! – Да будет так!
God save us! – Спаси нас, Господи!
God damn you! – Черт бы тебя побрал!
Peace be to his ashes! – Мир праху его!
Suffice it to say that … – Достаточно сказать, что …
Far be it from me to … – У меня и в мыслях не было …
Come what may… – Будь что будет …
… if need be … – если возникнет необходимость …
Nowadays Subjunctive I is often replaced by the suppositional mood, though not in American English where it occurs in colloquial speech as well.
The Subjunctive II represents an action as unreal. This mood form has two tenses: present and past. The subjunctive II present is homonymous with the forms of the past indicative with one exception only: we use the form were of the verb to be for all persons. This mood form shows that the action in the subordinate clause is simultaneous with the action in the principal clause:
If it were not so late, I should stay. (It is late and I can’t stay but still I make a suggestion.)
If she understood the rule, she would not make these mistakes. (She doesn’t understand the rule and as a result commits a lot of mistakes.)
He behaved as if he were drunk. (He wasn’t drunk but he behaved or looked like a drunk man.)
The subjunctive II past is homonymous with the forms of the past perfect indicative for all verbs:
I wish I had not mentioned it at all. (I mentioned it but the consequences showed that I shouldn’t have done it.)
If she had told me that beforehand, I should have done something to correct the situation. (You didn’t tell me anything and I didn’t have time to change the things.)
The continuous and perfect continuous forms of the subjunctive II are also possible.
The Suppositional Mood represents an action as problematic but not unreal. It can express wish, suggestion, request, doubt, etc. In its meaning it is very close to the subjunctive I. This mood form has two tenses: present and past. The suppositional present is formed by the auxiliary verb should + simple or continuous infinitive and shows that the action in the subordinate clause is simultaneous to the action in the principal clause:
I insist that you should consult a doctor.
It is disappointing that you should be lying ill at such moment.
The suppositional past is formed by the auxiliary verb should + perfect or perfect continuous infinitive and shows that the action in the subordinate clause is prior to the action in the principal clause:
It is impossible that you should have thought so.
It is disappointing that you should have been lying ill when we came to invite you to the party.
The Conditional Mood represents an action as unreal. It is used mainly in the principal clause of a complex sentence with the subordinate clause of unreal condition where the verb is in subjunctive II. This mood form has two tenses: present and past. The conditional present is formed by the auxiliary verb should/would + simple or continuous infinitive:
If I were not so busy, I should help you.
If he were here, he would do the task.
If I didn’t have an appointment at 10:30, I should be working in the office now.
The conditional past is formed by the auxiliary verb should/would + perfect or perfect continuous infinitive:
If I had not been so busy yesterday, I should have gone with you.
If you had come a bit earlier, they would have been discussing a new contract with the clients.
The oblique moods in the English language can be used in subject, object and conditional clauses, in clauses of purpose, comparison or concession to show different shades of lexical meaning.
The Oblique Mood Forms
Subjunctive I
The Verb Person |
to be |
to do |
to like |
I |
be |
do |
like |
He |
be |
do |
like |
We |
be |
do |
like |
You |
be |
do |
like |
They |
be |
do |
like |
Subjunctive II (The Common Aspect)
The Verb Person |
to be |
to do | ||
Present |
Past |
Present |
Past | |
I |
were (was) |
had been |
did |
had done |
He |
were (was) |
had been |
did |
had done |
We |
were |
had been |
did |
had done |
You |
were |
had been |
did |
had done |
They |
were |
had been |
did |
had done |
Subjunctive II (The Continuous Aspect)
The Verb Person |
to do | |
Present |
Past | |
I |
were doing |
had been doing |
He |
were doing |
had been doing |
We |
were doing |
had been doing |
You |
were doing |
had been doing |
They |
were doing |
had been doing |
Suppositional (The Common Aspect)
The Verb Person |
to be |
to do | ||
Present |
Past |
Present |
Past | |
I |
should be |
should have been |
should do |
should have done |
He |
should be |
should have been |
should do |
should have done |
We |
should be |
should have been |
should do |
should have done |
You |
should be |
should have been |
should do |
should have done |
They |
should be |
should have been |
should do |
should have done |
Suppositional (The Continuous Aspect)
The Verb Person |
to do | |
Present |
Past | |
I |
should be doing |
should have been doing |
He |
should be doing |
should have been doing |
We |
should be doing |
should have been doing |
You |
should be doing |
should have been doing |
They |
should be doing |
should have been doing |
Conditional (The Common Aspect)
The Verb Person |
to be |
to do | ||
Present |
Past |
Present |
Past | |
I |
should be |
should have been |
should do |
should have done |
He |
would be |
would have been |
would do |
would have done |
We |
should be |
should have been |
should do |
should have done |
You |
would be |
would have been |
would do |
would have done |
They |
would be |
would have been |
would do |
would have done |
Conditional (The Continuous Aspect)
The Verb Person |
to do | |
Present |
Past | |
I |
should be doing |
should have been doing |
He |
would be doing |
would have been doing |
We |
should be doing |
should have been doing |
You |
would be doing |
would have been doing |
They |
would be doing |
would have been doing |
The Use of the Oblique Moods:
I. Simple Sentences
The Subjunctive I is used:
a) to express wish
e.g.: Success attend you!
Long live the Queen!
b) to express oaths and imprecations
e.g.: Manners be hanged!
God damn you!
c) in some set expressions
e.g.: Suffice it to say …
Far be it from me …
If need be …
Come what may …
The Subjunctive II is used to express unreal wish:
e.g.: If only he were free!
If only I hadn’t said all that to him!
II. Complex Sentences
a) in subject clauses the Subjunctive I or the Suppositional mood can be used:
e.g.: It is necessary
important
right that he (should) do it.
desirable
recommended
b) in predicative clauses
e.g.: I do feel as if I were ten years back …
e.g.: My greatest wish was that they should all come to my dinner.
c) in object clauses
e.g.: I wish I were thinner.
I wish I hadn’t told them so much.
e.g.: She feared lest he should blame her after all.
e.g.: He orders
suggests
demands that all (should) be done today.
insists
is anxious
will see to it
d) in attributive clauses
e.g.: It’s time we were at home.
It’s high time you had finished the test.
e.g.: Her idea that everyone should come in some fancy dress was rejected.
e) in adverbial clauses
e.g.: If I were her brother, I would gladly get rid of her as soon as possible.
In such sentences the verb of the principal clause is always taken in the Conditional mood.
The Suppositional mood is used to express doubt:
e.g.: If he should come, I’ll help him. (… but I doubt he will do it)
e.g.: She opened the door so that a bit of fresh air should blow in.
We must see the Minister lest he should think we avoid him.
e.g.: She greeted him as if they were soul friends, not rivals.
On seeing the she blushed as if they had caught her doing some appalling thing.