Management and economy

 

Plan 
 
 
 
 

Management and economy………………………………………….2 

Nature of managerial work………………………………………….3

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Еconomy news  now………………………………………………...4 

Strengthening banks?..........................................................................4

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Greek discussions……………………………………………………4 

Can Greece ever meet its austerity targets?.........................................5 

Vicious circle………………………………………………………...5 

Translation……………………………………………………………6 

Vocabulary…………………………………………………………..10 

The list of the used literature……………………………………..…12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

2

Management and economy. 

Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resorting encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources.

Since organizations can be viewed as systems, management can also be defined as human action, including design, to facilitate the production of useful outcomes from a system. This view opens the opportunity to 'manage' oneself, a pre-requisite to attempting to manage others.

In the 21st century observers find it increasingly difficult to subdivide management into functional categories in this way. More and more processes simultaneously involve several categories. Instead, one tends to think in terms of the various processes, tasks, and objects subject to management.

Branches of management theory also exist relating to nonprofits and to government: such as public administration, public management, and educational management. Further, management programs related to civil-society organizations have also spawned programs in nonprofit management and social entrepreneurship.

Note that many of the assumptions made by management have come under attack from business ethics viewpoints, critical management studies, and anti-corporate activism.

As one consequence, workplace democracy has become both more common, and more advocated, in some places distributing all management functions among the workers, each of whom takes on a portion of the work. However, these models predate any current political issue, and may occur more naturally than does a command hierarchy. All management to some degree embraces democratic principles in that in the long term workers must give majority support to management; otherwise they leave to find other work, or go on strike. Despite the move toward workplace democracy, command-and-control organization structures remain commonplace and the de facto organization structure. Indeed, the entrenched nature of command-and-control can be seen in the way that recent layoffs have been conducted with management ranks affected far less than employees at the lower levels of organizations. In some cases, management has even rewarded itself with bonuses when lower level employees have been laid off.

According to leading leadership academic Manfred F.R. Kets de Vries, it seems almost inevitable these days that there will be some personality disorders in a senior management team. 

Nature of managerial work 

In for-profit work, management has as its primary function the satisfaction of a range of stakeholders. This typically involves making a profit (for the shareholders), creating valued products at a reasonable cost (for customers), and providing rewarding employment opportunities (for employees). In nonprofit management, add the importance of keeping the faith of donors. In most models of management/governance, shareholders vote for the board of directors, and the board then hires senior management. Some organizations have experimented with other methods (such as employee-voting models) of selecting or reviewing managers; but this occurs only very rarely.

In the public sector of countries constituted as representative democracies, voters elect politicians to public office. Such politicians hire many managers and administrators, and in some countries like the United States political appointees lose their jobs on the election of a new president/governor/mayor. 
 
 

Еconomy news  now. 

Shares soar on hopes for a eurozone rescue plan.

Global shares have risen strongly on growing hopes that eurozone leaders and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) will agree a comprehensive package to solve the eurozone debt crisis.

Led by banking stocks, France's Cac index ended up 5.7%, Germany's Dax 5.3% and the UK's FTSE 4%.The optimism follows after talks at G20 and IMF meetings at the weekend.

A number of ideas were reportedly discussed, including boosting the size of the eurozone bailout fund.The FTSE's rise was the biggest one-day gain since 10 May 2010 and added £53bn to the index.The main US share index, the Dow Jones, also rose, up 2.3% in early afternoon trading.

Earlier, Asian stocks had also risen, with Japan's main Nikkei index ending up 2.8%. 

Strengthening banks? 

The increased optimism comes despite European Union officials stressing that no grand plan of action was agreed at the weekend.Investors are instead focusing on what was reportedly proposed at the meetings, which is also said to have included strengthening big European banks that could be hit by any defaults on national debt obligations. Another reported proposal is a possible 50% write-down of Greek government debts. However, late on Monday German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schaeuble cast doubt on the suggestion that the eurozone bailout fund, the European Financial Stability Facility could be increased. He said: "We are giving it the tools so it can work if necessary. Then we will use it effectively, but we do not have the intention of boosting its volume."On Thursday, Germany will vote on whether to approve proposals set out in July to extend the powers of the EFSF that would allow it to buy the bonds of highly-indebted countries, and to make credit available to both governments and under-capitalised banks.Banking stocks were among the biggest risers across Europe. In France, Societe Generale ended up 16.8%, BNP Paribas 14.2%, Credit Agricole 13.1% and Natixis 11.3%.

In Germany, Deutsche Bank rose 16.6% and Commerzbank by 12.6%. In the UK, Barclays added 8% and Royal Bank of Scotland 6.1%.Oil prices also rose, as fears eased about the extent to which the eurozone debt crisis could affect the global economy.US light crude was up $2.25 to $82.49 a barrel, while Brent crude added $1.45 to $105.39.The spot price of gold rose 2.5% to $1,672, but analysts said this was led by the US dollar falling in value, thereby making the previous metal slightly more affordable for holders of other currencies.

Meanwhile, the euro strengthened against to dollar, rising to $1.3628 from $1.3523 late on Monday.

Keith Bowman, markets analyst at financial services group Hargreaves Lansdown, cautioned that the rise in share prices may prove shortlived.

"The optimists have taken the forefront on hopes that we could see European politicians getting to grips with the current situation over the coming weeks," he said.

"But there are still a lot of concerns. Investors remain sceptical about the success of the measures being planned to resolve the eurozone credit crisis." 

Greek discussions. 

Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou - whose country is at the epicenter of Euro zone debt concerns - will hold talks with German Chancellor Angela Merkel later on Tuesday to discuss his country's progress in cutting its budget deficit.He earlier delivered a speech to German business leaders, urging them to help his country out of its current debt crisis.He said German funding would not be an investment in past failures, but in future successes.Mr Papandreou's meeting with Ms Merkel comes as policymakers decide whether to release the latest tranche of Greek bailout funds.The European Commission, the European Central Bank (ECB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) are due in Athens this week to review Greece's progress in cutting its debt levels.Together, they will decide on whether to release the latest tranche of bailout funds the Greek government needs to pay its bills. 

Can Greece ever meet its austerity targets? 

The Greek government must feel like the ancient Spartans - vastly outnumbered and under attack.

But instead of 300 Spartans taking on more than a million Persians, in this battle Greece has new foes - the European Union (EU) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

And the present fight is being fought with far more sophisticated weapons than swords and spears.

The weapons in this war are austerity measures, the spending cuts and revenue raising policies that the EU and IMF are insisting Greece carries out to continue to receive instalments of their initial 110bn euros ($150bn; £96bn) bailout loans package. Yanis Varoufakis, professor of economic theory at the University of Athens, tells the BBC they might as well be swords. "They are cutting deep into the Greek government and the Greek economy," he says. "They are cutting into the flesh, not just the fat. And the patient - Greece - is dying from its wounds. "Amid much public opposition, the Greek parliament agreed to 30bn euros of austerity measures in May 2010, and an additional 28bn euros in June of this year.It has also pledged to raise 50bn euros through a mass privatisation programme by 2015.The problem is that both the EU and the IMF continue to accuse the Greek government of dragging its feet, of not carrying out the agreed austerity measures both in full or quickly enough.So much so that they are currently withholding the next instalment - 8bn euros - of Greece's emergency funds.It this money does not arrive by about 10 October, the Greek government will not have the funds to pay its civil servants and pensioners.And a default on its foreign debts could follow, plunging the eurozone into crisis.Following fresh discussions with EU and IMF officials on Wednesday, the Greek government has now announced further austerity efforts to try to secure the 8bn euros.But which austerity measures has Athens so far carried out, and which have been delayed? 

Vicious circle. 

In Greece's defence, the worsening state of its economy is making its austerity measures much harder to achieve - it is having to run just to stand still. The IMF now estimates that the Greek economy will contract by 5.5% this year, and Greece's unemployment rate stands at 16%.The continuing recession means lower tax revenues, both from income tax and VAT, and higher payments of unemployment benefits.

So as the Greek government continues with its austerity measures, it risk worsening the situation, creating a vicious circle. "Basically the Greek government has entered into an agreement with the EU and IMF that it cannot deliver," says Matina Stevis, London correspondent for Greek newspaper Eleftherotypia.

"They cannot deliver in full, it is politically impossible and economically damaging.

"The EU and IMF correctly want Greece to improve its really bad tax collection, but that will take years to sort out, and needs investing money in - someone you can't do with mass spending cuts."

But with the EU and IMF continuing to demand further austerity measures from Greece before the country gets further loan instilments, where will it end? Ms Stevis says: "If I was to brave a guess, Greece will get the next loan at the last minute.» Not because Greece will meet its targets, but because the euro system is not ready yet to deal with Greece defaulting on its debts. "Greece is screwed either way, the real question is what happens with the rest of Europe. Whether Greece ultimately defaults or not, a huge change is required to fix the structural problems with the euro, and the weakness of European banks." 

Translation 

Менеджмент и  экономика. 

Менеджмент во всей деловой и организационной деятельности это процесс собрать людей вместе для достижения желаемой цели и задачи, используя имеющиеся ресурсы эффективно. Менеджмент включает в себя планирование, организацию, укомплектование персонала, ведущего или руководящего и контроль организации (группы из одного или более лиц или юридических лиц) или усилиями с целью достижения цели. Ресурсное обеспечение охватывает развертывание и манипуляцию человеческих ресурсов, финансовых ресурсов, технологических ресурсов, и природных ресурсов. 
Поскольку организации могут рассматриваться как системы, управление может быть также определено как человеческой деятельности, включая проектирование, чтобы облегчить получение нужных результатов от системы. Эта точка зрения открывает возможность «управлять» собой, предпосылкой к попытке управлять другими.

В 21-м веке наблюдателю все труднее разделить управление на функциональные категории таким образом. Все больше и больше процессов одновременно включают несколько категорий. Вместо этого, как правило, думают с точки зрения различных процессов, задач и объектов, подлежащих управлению. 
Филиалами теории управления существуют также касающиеся некоммерческих организаций и власти: такие, как государственное управление, государственное управление и управления образованием. Кроме того, управление программ, связанных с организациями гражданского общества, также породила программы в некоммерческих управления и социального предпринимательства. 
Обратите внимание, что многие из предположений, сделанных руководством попали под атаку деловой этики, критические исследования управления, а так же анти-корпоративная деятельность. 
Как следствие, на рабочем месте демократия стала как более распространенным, и больше выступает, в некоторых местах распространения всех функций управления, среди рабочих, каждый из которых берет на себя часть работы. Однако эти модели предшествовали любой текущей политической проблемы, и может происходить более естественно, чем команда иерархии. Все управление в некоторой степени охватывает демократические принципы том, что в конечном рабочим термином должен дать поддержку большинства к управлению, в противном случае они уходят, чтобы найти другую работу, или пойти на забастовку. Несмотря на переход к демократии на рабочем месте, командно-управляющих структур организации остаются обычным явлением и фактически организационной структуры. В самом деле ,укоренившимся характером командования и контроля можно увидеть в способе , что последние увольнения были проведены с управлением ряды пострадавших гораздо меньше, чем сотрудников на более низких уровнях организации. В некоторых случаях, руководство даже награждает себя бонусами, когда нижний уровень сотрудников увольняются. 
По мнению ведущего академического руководства Манфреда Ф. Р. Кетов  де Фриза, кажется почти неизбежным в эти дни, что будут какие-то расстройства личности у старших менеджеров. 
 

Природа управленческого труда. 
 
В некоммерческой работе, управление имеет в качестве своей основной функции удовлетворение широкого круга заинтересованных сторон. Это обычно включает в себя получение прибыли (для акционеров), создание ценных товаров по разумной цене (для клиентов), а также предоставление поощрения рабочих мест (для сотрудников). В некоммерческом управлении,  важность сохранения веры вкладчиков. Во многих моделях управления / руководства, акционеры голосуют  на собрании, и затем они выбирают высшего руководителя. Некоторые организации экспериментировали с другими методами (например, работник, который выбирает модели) выбора или пересмотре управленцев, но это происходит очень редко. 
В государственном секторе страны преобладает демократия, избиратели выбирают политиков на государственные должности. Такие политики нанимают множество менеджеров и администраторов, а в некоторых странах, как Соединенные Штаты политических назначенцы могут потеряют свои рабочие места после выбора нового президента / губернатора / мэра. 

Экономика и новости сейчас. 

Акции возрастают в надежде спасения Евро-зоны.

Мировые акции  сильно повысились в надежде, что лидеры Евро-зоны и Международный валютный фонд (МВФ) согласятся на комплексное соглашение для решения выведения Евро-зоны из долгового кризиса. Во главе с банковскими запасами индекс Франции Cac оказался в 5.7 %, Дакс Германии 5.3 %, а индекс ФТСЕ Великобритании 4%. Ряд идей, как сообщается, обсуждались, в том числе и  повышение размера фонда финансовой помощи Евро-зоны. Повышение ФТСЕ было самой большой однодневной выгодой с 10 мая 2010 и добавило £53 миллиарда к индексу.

Главный американский курсовой индекс акций, Доу Джонса, также повысился, более чем  на 2.3 % с самого начала трудового дня.

Ранее, азиатские  запасы также повысились с главным  индексом Никкеи Японии, заканчивающимся  на рубеже в 2.8 %. 

Укрепляются ли банки? 

Преувеличенный  оптимизм растёт несмотря на чиновников Европейского союза, подчеркивающих, что никакой великий план действий не был согласован в выходные. Инвесторы вместо этого сосредотачиваются на том, что было по сообщениям предложено на встречах, которые, как также говорили, включая усиливающиеся крупные европейские банки, которые могли быть поражены любыми неплатежами на обязательствах государственного долга. Другое предложение, о котором сообщают, - возможная 50%-ая уценка греческих правительственных долгов. Однако, поздно в понедельник немецкий Министр финансов Вольфганг Шаойбле подвергал сомнению предположение, что фонд спасения Евро-зоны, европейское Средство Финансовой стабильности могло быть увеличено. Он сказал: "Мы предоставляем этому инструменты, чтобы он мог работать, если это необходимо. Тогда мы будем использовать это эффективно, но у нас нет намерения повысить его объем." В четверг Германия будет голосовать по тому, одобрить ли предложения, изложенные в июле, чтобы расширить полномочия EFSF, который позволил бы ей покупать облигации с большой задолженностью стран, и делать кредит доступным для обоих правительств и недостаточно обеспеченных капиталом банков. Банковские запасы были среди крупнейших надстрочных элементов по всей Европе. Во Франции Общество Дженерал в итоге оказалось в  16.8 %, BNP Парибас в 14.2 %, Кредит Агриколь 13,1% и Натиксис 11,3%.