Английския язык

контрольная работа № 2

I. Переведите предложения в (Passive Voice):

1.      We asked him about his holidays.

I was asked about their holidays.

2.      They have already discussed the novel.

The novel has already been discussed.

3.      He did not give me his address.

I wasn’t given his address.

4.      She showed him the way to the metro station.

He was shown the way to the metro station.

5.      He will introduce me to his friends.

I will be introduced to his friends.

6.      They are building a bridge over the river.

A bridge is being built over the river.

7.      I haven't yet translated the article.

The article hasn’t yet translated.

II. Переведите предложения (Sequence of Tenses):

1.      John told his friend that he had just come from the United States and intended to stay in St. Petersburg for about a month.

Джон сказал его другу, что он только что приехал из Соединенных Штатов и намеревался остаться в Санкт-Петербурге в течение месяца.

2.      Our monitor said that he was not satisfied with his report and was going to work at it for some more time. He said that he was to make it on the twelfth of February and so he had a few days left.

Наш наставник сказал, что не был удовлетворен своим отчетом и собирался работать над ним в течение еще некоторого времени. Он сказал, что должен был сделать это двенадцатого февраля и таким образом, у него было несколько дней в запасе.

3.      He said that he was quite all right. The climate hadn't done him any harm.

Он сказал, что все в порядке. Климат не причинил ему никакого вреда.

4.      A man came up and asked me where he could buy a videocassette.

Мужчина подошел и спросил у меня, где он может купить видеокассету.

5.      I asked my brother who had rung him up in the morning.

Я спросил своего брата, который позвонил ему утром.

6.      He told me not to call on him the next day as he would not be at home.

Он сказал мне не обращаться к нему на следующий день, поскольку его не будет дома.

7.      The officer ordered the soldiers to wait for him.

Офицер приказал солдатам ждать его.

III. Вставьте подходящие модальные глаголы (must, may, can, need, to have to, to be able to) - Modal Verbs.

1.      You ... not come to help them tomorrow: the work is done.

You need not come to help them tomorrow: the work is done.

2.      You ... not change the whole text as the beginning is all right. You ... only rewrite the second part of it.

You need not change the whole text as the beginning is all right. You must only rewrite the second part of it.

3.      .... you help me now? - I am afraid not: I am in a great hurry. I shall be free in the evening. Come to my place at about eight, and I... help you.

Can you help me now? - I am afraid not: I am in a great hurry. I shall be free in the evening. Come to my place at about eight, and I will be able to help you.

4.      John ... not tell us the rules of the game: we know them.

John need not tell us the rules of the game: we know them.

5.      .... I return the book to you on Friday? I am afraid I... not finish it before. No, that is too late. You ... bring it to me not later than Wednesday.

May I return the book to you on Friday? I am afraid I can not finish it before. No, that is too late. You must bring it to me not later than Wednesday.

6.      It is already six o'clock. We ... hurry if we don't want to be late.

It is already six o'clock. We must hurry if we don't want to be late.

7.      .... you translate this text into English? -1 think I....

Can you translate this text into English? -1 think I can.

IV. The non-finite forms of the verb.

а) Замените выделенные части предложений инфинитивными оборотами.

E.g. He is sorry that he has said it.

He is sorry to have said it.

1.      She was sorry that she had missed the beginning of the concert.

She was sorry to have missed the beginning of the concert.

2.      I am glad that I see all my friends here.

I am glad to see all my friends here.

3.      I was afraid of going past that place alone.

I was afraid to go past that place alone.

4.      My sister will be thrilled when she is wearing a dress as lovely as that.

My sister will be thrilled to be wearing a dress as lovely as that.

5.      We must wait till we hear the examination results.

We must wait to hear the examination results.

6.      She is happy that she has found such a nice place to live in.

She is happy to have found such a nice place to live in.

7.      I should be delighted if I could join you.

I should be delighted to join you.

в) Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия.

1.      The boy lay sleeping when the doctor came.

Мальчик лежал и спал, когда пришел доктор.

2.      The broken arm was examined by the doctor.

Доктор осмотрел сломанную руку.

3.      While being examined, the boy could not help crying.

Мальчик не мог удержаться от слез, когда его осматривали.

4.      Having prescribed the medicine, the doctor went away.

Прописав лекарство, доктор ушел.

5.      The medicine prescribed by the doctor was bitter.

Лекарство, прописанное доктором, было горьким.

6.      The dress bought at the department store was very beautiful.

Платье, купленное в универмаге, было очень красивым.

7.      While using a needle you should be careful not to prick your finger.

Пользуясь иголкой, вы должны быть осторожны, чтобы не уколоть палец.

с) Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на герундий.

1.      They accuse him of having robbed the house.

Они обвиняют его в ограблении дома.

2.      He never agreed to their going on that dangerous voyage.

Он никогда не соглашался на то, чтобы они отправились в это опасное путешествие.

3.      He did not approve of her drinking so much coffee.

Он не одобрял то, что она пьет так много кофе.

4.      The teacher of mathematics did not approve of his pupils dreaming.

Учителю математики не нравилось, когда его ученики предавались мечтаниям.

5.      All the happiness of my life depends on your loving me.

Все счастье моей жизни зависит от вашей любви ко мне.

6.      I don't feel like seeing him.

Я не расположен видеть его.

7.      I insist on being told the truth.

Я настаиваю на том, чтобы мне сказали правду.

WHAT ARE THE MASS MEDIA?

A message can be communicated to a mass audience by many means: hardly an American lives through a day without feeling the impact of at least one of the mass media. The oldest media are those of the printed word and picture which carry their message through the sense of sight: the weekly and daily newspapers, magazines, books, pamphlets, direct mail circulars, and billboards. Radio is the mass communications medium aimed at the sense of sound, whereas television and motion pictures appeal both to the visual and auditory, senses.

The reader turns to his newspaper for news and opinion entertainment, and the advertising it publishes. In the weekly the focus is upon the reader's own community; in the daily the focus is upon the nation and the world as well. Magazines give him background information, entertainment, opinion, and the advertising; books offer longer range and more detailed examination of subjects, as well as entertainment; pamphlets, direct mail pieces, and billboards bring the views of commercial and civic organizations. Films may inform and persuade as well as entertain. Television and radio offer entertainment, news and opinion, and advertising messages and can bring direct coverage of public events into the listener's home.

There are important agencies of communication which are adjuncts of the mass media. These are (1) the press associations, which collect and distribute news and pictures to the newspapers, television and radio stations, and news magazines; (2) the syndicates, which offer backgound news and pictures, commentary, and entertainment features to newspapers television and radio, and magazines; (3) the advertising agencies, which serve their business clients, on the one hand, and the mass media, on the other; (4) the advertising departments of companies and institutions, which serve in merchandising roles; and the public relations departments, which serve in information roles; (5) the public relations counciling firms and publicity organization, which offer information in behalf of their clients, and (6) research, individuals and groups, who help gauge the impact of the message and guide mass communicators to more effective paths.

Who are the communicators who work for and with these mass media? We think of the reporters, writers, editors, announcers, and commentators for newspapers, news magazines, television and radio, press associations, and syndicates. But there are many others: news photographers; book and publication editors and creative personnel in the graphic arts industry; advertising personnel of all types; public relations practitioners and information writers; business management personnel for the mass media; radio-television script and continuity writers; film producer and writers; magazine writers and editors; trade and business paper publication writers and editors; industrial publication editors; technical writers in such fields as science, agriculture and home economics; specialists in mass communications research; and teachers of journalism. Actors in television and motion pictures also are communicators in a special sense, adding emotional impact to the written script.

Что такое средства массовой информации?

Сообщение может быть доведено до массовой аудитории различными средствами: едва ли американец проживает жизнь день за днем, не испытывая влияния, по крайней мере одного из средств массовой информации. Самыми старыми СМИ являются те: печатное слово и изображения, которые несут свое послание визуально: ежедневные и еженедельные газеты, журналы, книги, брошюры, проспекты продажи товаров по почте и рекламные щиты. Радио является средством массовой коммуникации, направлено на чувство звука, в то время как телевидение и кино затрагивает как зрительное, так и к слуховое чувство.

Читатель обращается к газете для того, чтобы получить какую-либо новость и мнение, также в ней публикуется реклама. В еженедельнике внимание сфокусировано на собственное сообщество читателей, в ежедневной газете внимание сконцентрировано на нации и мире. Журналы предоставляют ему справочную информацию, развлечения, мнения, рекламу; книги предлагают более широкий диапазон изучения предметов, также как и развлечения; брошюры, почтовая реклама, рекламные щиты дают представление о коммерческих и общественных организациях. Фильмы могут информировать и убеждать, а также развлекать. Телевидение и радио предлагают развлечения, новости и мнения, и рекламные сообщения и прямо освещают общественные события в доме слушателя.

Существуют важные учреждения связи, которые являются дополнением средств массовой информации. Это (1) агентства печати, собирают и распространяют новости и фотографии в газетах, теле-и радиостанциях, журналах и новостях, (2) синдикаты, которые предлагают второстепенные новости и фотографии, комментарии и развлекательные функций телевидения, газеты, радио, и журналы (3) рекламные агентства, которые обслуживают своих бизнес клиентов, с одной стороны, и выступают как средства массовой информации, с другой стороны, (4) отделы рекламных компаний и организаций, которые выступают в роли мерчандайзинга; и отделы связей с общественностью, которые служат для получения информации, (5) отделы по связям с общественностью и рекламные организации, которые предоставляют информацию в интересах своих клиентов, и (6) исследование отдельных лиц и групп, которые помогают измерить воздействие сообщения и вести массовые коммуникаторы к более эффективным путям.

Кто такие коммуникаторы (специалисты по распространению информации), которые работают на эти средства массовой информации? Мы думаем о репортерах, авторах, редакторах, дикторах, и комментаторах для газет, журналов новостей, телевидения и радио, агентств печати, и синдикатов. Но существует много других: фотографы новостей; редакторы книг и публикаций и творческий персонал в полиграфии; персонал рекламы всех типов; специалисты по связям с общественностью и информационные авторы; сотрудники управления бизнесом для средств массовой информации; сценаристы радио-телевизионных сценариев; продюсеры и писатели; авторы и редакторы журналов; авторы и редакторы торговых и деловых публикаций; редакторы промышленных публикаций; специалисты в технической области, такой как наука, сельское хозяйство и домоводство; специалисты по исследованиям массовых коммуникаций и преподаватели журналистики. Актеры в кино и на телевидении также являются коммуникаторами в особом смысле, которые имеют эмоциональное воздействие на письменность.

Britain Island, or a Peninsula?

Since the moment when Britain and France became linked with a tunnel this may be a logical question. Figuratively speaking, Britain has been solidly connected with the continent by means of the Channel tunnel. Psychologically, the British, who always regarded themselves as being separated from Europe by the English Channel, now have to change their minds. No wonder, many British people who were against the tunnel project were motivated by psychological arguments. They could not get used to the idea that Britain would have a physical link with the continent. However, this idea has became a reality, and now most people see the advantages of a direct transport link with Europe which does not depend on the weather and other natural factors as it is the case concerning the ferry link.

The idea of building a tunnel which would connect Britain and France was first suggested by a French enginner whose name was Albert Mathieu. He came up with this idea in 1802. Napoleon who was preparing for an invasion of Britain also favored the idea of building a bridge or tunnel across the English Channel. Two attempts have been made to build a tunnel to link Britain with the continent. The first attempt was made in 1882, but it failed because science and technology had not made enough progress to put such great plans into practice. The second attempt was undertaken in 1974, but it was too expensive, and so again the idea was put aside.

At last in 1986 a third attempt was made: the British and French governments agreed to pay for a tunnel. Margaret Thatcher, who was the Prime Minister of Britain, and Francois Miterrand, the President of France, signed an agreement to build a tunnel, and digging began.

The engineers chose the narrowest part of the English Channel between Folk stone, on the British side and Calais, on the French. This part of the Channel is only 42 kilometres wide. However, the tunnel itself is 69 kilometres long.

The construction of the tunnel was carried out by 10 British and Franch construction companies, but the company responsible for the whole project, and for running the trains is known as the Eurotunnel, which is a joint British-French group. The tunnel itself consists of two main tunnels each with a diameter of 7.2 metres located 40 metres under the seabed, and the third auxiliary tunnel of 4.5 metres between them intended for workers to service the main tunnels. There were many problems what to do with the rock waste, and the people living near the entrance to the tunnel did not want the rock waste to be put in heaps nearby.

Finally a good way out was found: the rock waste was used to strengthen the coastline against the storms which destroy much of the shores. The engineers had many problems also as to what means of transport would be used in the tunnel. At first it seemed that the tunnel would be used by cars, but then this project was not accepted, besause there would be problems with ventilation to remove the exhaust from the movement of the cars. Then, you had to solve the question of lighting the whole way through the tunnel,which would cost extra money. Eventually the builders decided to use electric trains which would move between the terminals near Folkestone and Calais. The trains used in the tunnel are known as trains because they move at a high speed of 160 kilometres per hour. Thus the journey through the tunnel takes about 35 minutes. The speed trains which move today through the tunnel are also known as shuttle trains because they run in both directions. Eurotunnel trains provide a drive-on drive-off service, with separate shuttle trains for passengers , freight and cars.

Великобритания остров, или полуостров?

С момента, когда Англия и Франция оказались связанными тоннелем этот вопрос является вполне логичным. Образно говоря, Британия была прочно связана с материком с помощью Ла-Манша. С точки зрения психологии, англичане, которые всегда считали себя отделенными от Европы при помощи английского канала, теперь должны изменить свое мнение. Неудивительно, что многие британцы, которые были против проекта туннеля, мотивировали это психологическими аргументами. Они не могли привыкнуть к мысли, что Британия будет иметь физическую связь с материком. Тем не менее, эта идея стала реальностью, и теперь большинство людей видят преимущества прямой транспортной связи с Европой, которая не зависит от погодных условий и других природных факторов, так как это является делом паромной переправы.