Поэты серебренного века. Анна Ахматова

психологические  этюды:  острота  взгляда  СОПРОВОЖДАЕТСЯ  остротой   мысли.

Велика их обобщающая сила.

    Любовь  в  стихах  отнюдь   не   только   любовь-счастье,   тем   более

благополучие. Слишком часто это -  любовь-страдание,  жалость,  своеобразная

антилюбовь и пытка, мучительный, вплоть до распада излом души,  болезненный,

"декадентский".  Ещё  в  1923  году  Б.  М.  Эйхенбаум,  анализируя  поэтику

Ахматовой,   отметил,   что   уже   в   "Чётках"   "начинает    складываться

парадоксальный  своей  двойственностью   (вернее,   оксюморонностью)   образ

героини - не то "блудницы"  с  бурными  страстями,  не  то  нищей  монахини,

которая может вымолить у Бога прощенье".

    Ахматовская  поэма даже без героев:  это  образ  и  движение  времени  и

переживание его,  а  не  сюжеты  и  характеры  в  привычном  понимании.  Это

ВМЕСТИЛИЩЕ событий и цвет, как говорила Ахматова, "разных временных  слоёв".

(!)Чтение её подобно  восприятию музыки: оно зиждется  на  восприятии  ритмов,

на постоянно рождающихся ассоциациях.

    Любовь  почти никогда не предстаёт  в спокойном пребывании. Чувство  само

по  себе  острое  и   необычайное,   получает   дополнительную   остроту   и

необычность, проявляясь  в  предельном  кризисном  выражении  -  взлёта  или

падения,   первой   пробуждающей   встречи   или   совершившегося   разрыва,

смертельной опасности или смертной тоски. Потому  Ахматова  так  ТЯГОТЕЕТ  к

лирической новелле.

    Всё время  стремится занять  позицию,  которая  бы  позволяла  предельно

раскрыть чувства, найти последнюю правду. Большую роль играет  в  её  поэзии

(!)мотив  смерти  (похороны,  могила,  склепы,  раны,  самоубийства,  смерть

сероглазого  короля,  умирание  природы,  погребение  всей  эпохи).   Смерть

трактуется в христианских и пушкинских традициях - это ощущение  единства  с

творцами прошлого о современности,  с  Россией,  с  её  историей  и  судьбой

народа.  Поэтому  в  стихотворении  "Поздний  ответ",   посвященном   Марине

Цветаевой, зазвучит:

 

                    Мы с тобою сегодня, Марина,

                    По столице полночной идём

                    А за нами таких миллионы,

                    И безмолвнее шествия нет,

                    А вокруг погребальные звоны

                    Да московские дикие стоны

                    Вьюги, наш заметающей след.

 

    (!)От самых  первых стихов вошла в поэзию  Ахматовой ещё одна любовь -  к

родной земле, к Родине, к России.

 

                 Мне голос был. Он звал утешно,

                 Он говорил: "Иди сюда,

                 Оставь свой край глухой и  грешный,

                 Оставь Россию навсегда.

                 Я кровь от рук твоих отмою,

                 Из сердца выну чёрный стыд,

                 Я новым именем покрою

                 Боль поражений и обид".

                 Но равнодушно и спокойно

                 Руками я замкнула слух,

                 Чтоб этой речью недостойной

                 Не осквернился скорбный дух.

 

    И отвергается  мысль не только о внешнем, скажем, отъезде из России,  но

и вероятность какой бы то ни было внутренней эмиграции по отношению  к  ней,

любая  возможность  иного,  "нового  имени".  Такого  типа  стихи  не   были

эмоциональными эпизодическими всплесками. Это заявлялась жизненная позиция.

    В "военных" стихах (!)поражает  удивительная  органичность,  отсутствие

тени рефлексии, неуверенности, сомнения. Картины войны даются  через  скупые

зарисовки пожарищ. Муки окровавленной земли сопоставимы только  с  мучениями

христианских святых.

    В лирике властно набирает силу мотив осиротевшей  матери,  который

достигнет вершины в "Реквиеме" как мотив  вечной  материнской  участи  -  из

эпохи в эпоху отдавать сыновей в  жертву  миру,  а  вечноженственное  начало

ахматовской лирической героини найдёт высшее воплощение в образе Марии.

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

Poets of the Silver Age . Personality and creativity of Anna Akhmatova

 

 1. Features time. Creativity poets - the most striking of

representatives .

Era of the "Silver Age " in our official literary science long

Decades of neglect , the reaction time and decadence , though nothing

gave no Russian art. In fact, the 10th years were remarkably

rich in all areas of art - literature ,

Painting ( Repin, Nesterov, Vrubel , Serov , etc.), theater ( Chaliapin, M. Chekhov

etc.), ballet, music ...    

The term originated by analogy with the "golden age" of Pushkin. poets

"Silver Age" followed Pushkin tradition , each according to his

gift, and expressed their Self "to enhance artistic

sensibility , in some moderate reforms of the verse . "    

At the beginning of XX century there were many literary trends . this

symbolism and futurism and egofuturism Igor Northerner . all these

directions are very different, have different ideals , different objectives , but

they agree on one thing: to work on rhythm , in short, to bring the game sounds

perfection.    

Particularly successful in this futurists . Futurism abandoned old

literary traditions , the "old language", " old words ," proclaimed a new

form of words , regardless of the content (the invention of a new language ) . work

over the word , the sound becomes an end in itself , whereas the meaning of poems

completely forgotten. Futurism quickly dissipated. bright representative

this direction - Boris Pasternak .    

Referring now to the Symbolists . Symbolism proclaimed not only a cult

verse forms , but the cult characters abstractness and concreteness and easily

naturally merge into a poetic symbol (Konstantin Balmont ) . poets

sought to fog, uncertainty of the semantic aspect of poetics to

a new system of poetic images . The most important thing - music .    

In 1910, the crisis clearly delineated symbolism and budding poets have

not adhered to this trend . Some walked in futurism , others - Acmeism . In

November 1911 there is a circle of " Poets' Guild , headed by

become Gumilev , S. Gorodetsky . Initially, " shop " , numbering 26

members , absorbed representatives of different directions. Together with its

comrades - Mandelstam Zenkevich , Narbut - Akhmatova became

akmeistkoy .    

Acmeists were aiming to reform the symbolism, the main trouble

which , in their view , was that he " sent his main force in

unknown region . " His teachers they thought Shakespeare , Rabelais, Villon ,

Gauthier . Acmeists dreamed to combine inner world

( Shakespeare ) " wise physiology " ( Rabelais ) , "life , nothing

doubted myself ( Villon ) and " decent clothes immaculate shape "

( Gauthier ) .    

The principal value of poetry acquires , according to theorists acmeism ,

artistic development of a diverse and vibrant earthly world. Poet Acmeist

not trying to overcome the " close " earthly existence in the name of " distant "

spiritual achievement .    

Higher in the hierarchy of values ​​held akmeistskih culture . With this

associated with particular relevance to the category of memory.    

Unlike the romantic , mystical-minded Symbolist Acmeists

declared the need to restore a sense of poetry real life. but

very often poetry acmeists stayed only diverse , skilled ,

thin , even exquisite forms of external fixation phenomena. Gumilev himself

critical of his own poetry . He is known to have traveled

Africa , Turkey, East. Impressions of travel reflected in his

verse, wild exotic rhythms. It is characterized by contempt for the world

pecuniary interests , spiritual inactivity ; rejection of bourgeois morality

( " Sonnet "); polished form ; sophistication rhymes ; harmony and euphony

sound repetitions .    

Poetry of Osip Mandelstam , as acmeists , was imbued " longing for

world culture . "    

The most significant (especially for me) "female" poetry - poetry

Anna Akhmatova .

 

 2 . Personality of Anna Akhmatova .

Akhmatova was born Gorenko 11 (23) June 1889 at the cottage Sarakina

the outskirts of Odessa ( Big Fountain ) . Year-old child was transported to

North - in Tsarskoye Selo . There lived until the age of sixteen .

Every summer at Sevastopol , on the shore of the bay Musketeers , there

friends with the sea . The strongest impression these years - the ancient Chersonesos .

Learned to read in Morse Leo Tolstoy. In five years, was able to speak

French. Wrote his first poem at age eleven . verses began

for it is not with Pushkin and Lermontov , and with Derzhavina and Nekrasov.    

Studied at Tsarskoye Selo female school.     

The closest was the mother of the children - impressionable nature , who knew

literature, who was fond of poetry. Anna later in one of the " Northern Elegies "

devote her heartfelt lines:

 

woman ... with transparent eyes

( Such a deep blue , the sea

Can not remember , poglyadevshi them)

With rare name and a white handle ,

And kindness, which inherited

I'm from it as if received ,

Needless gift of my cruel life ...

 

 

    Alias ​​, which became the name of the great poet - Akhmatova - got young

Ana Gorenko "inherited" from her great-grandmother , Princess Tatar . when his father

learned that her daughter writes poetry , he expressed his displeasure , calling it

" decadent poetess " . As preserved in the memory of his father representations ,

engaged in a noble daughter poems , and even more so to print them -

nedozvolitelno completely . "I had a sheep without a shepherd - recalls

Akhmatova - and only seventeen crazy girl could choose

Tatar name for the Russian poet ... because I came to mind to take

a nickname that my father learned about my poems , said: " Do not disgrace my name ."

- And do not tell me your name ! - I said ... "    

December 24, 1903 in Tsarskoye Selo , was an acquaintance with Nikolai

Gumilev .    

In 1905, parents divorced , mother and children went to the south. whole year

lived in Yalta . Fifth , the echoes of revolution muffled reached

" cut a piece of land ." In 1907 she graduated from high school Fundukleevskaya .

Received the Law Faculty of the Higher Women 's Courses in Kiev : studied

history and Latin.    

April 25, 1910 married Gumilev , a honeymoon trip to

Paris . There's also got acquainted with Amedeo Modigliani , while still quite

obscure young artist .    

After moving to St. Petersburg , studied at the University of literary history courses

Kiev.    

Spring 1911 held in Paris, where he had witnessed first

triumphs of Russian ballet. In 1912, drove through Northern Italy (Genoa -

Pisa - Florence - Bologna - Padua - Venice) . Impression of the Italian

art and architecture was huge.    

In 1912 they released their first collection of poems "Evening" . Reacted to criticism

it favorably.    

October 1, 1912 was born the only son of Leo .    

In March 1914, a second book - "Rosary " .    

Every summer in the former province of Tver , ten miles

from Bezhetsk .    

August 5, 1918 took divorce from Gumilev . Akhmatova insisted

on divorce : she was going to marry V. Shulejjko .    

After the October Revolution worked in a library Agronomy

Institute. In 1921 he published a collection of poems " Plantain " , and in 1922 - the book

"Anno Domini". Since the mid- 20s and the beginning diligently with great interest

Lesson architecture of old St. Petersburg and the study of life and creativity

Pushkin.    

Patriotic War of 1941 caught Akhmatova in Leningrad. After

September already during the siege , flew on a plane to Moscow.    

Until May 1944 lived in Tashkent , eagerly catching news of Leningrad, about

front. Often performed in hospitals, reading poetry wounded soldiers . soon

returned to Moscow in June 1944 - in Leningrad.    

In 1964 he visited Rome and Cilicia . In the spring of 1965 went to

Shakespeare's birthplace , the British saw the sky and the Atlantic, again visited

Paris .    

In Italy , she was awarded the international prize " Etna - Taormina " - " 50 -

anniversary of poetic activity in connection with the recent publication in Italy

collection of poems , " in England also awarded an honorary doctorate

Oxford University.

 

    3 . Artistic world of the poet.

After the death of Anna Akhmatova Museum Bloc had vdovet , because it

Block literary fate played a crucial role . A related almost all

early world , and in many respects the lyrics later Akhmatova. It is up to form a block

largely goes hero Akhmatova lyrics.

 

 

                  And if I die , who will                   

My poems write you                  

Who will be ringing                  

Not yet spoken words .

 

 

    (!) Lyrical heroine - is complex and multifaceted , not surrounded by life and

momentary alarm, but - existential , eternal woman . It does not coincide with

personality of the author, it is - just a kind of mask that represents the

or any other facet of a woman's life . According to A. Kollontai , Akhmatova gave

" a book of the female soul ."     

(!) Akhmatova - revolutionary poet . For all that, apparently it is almost always

remained traditional poet who put themselves under the sign of Russian classics

primarily Pushkin.    

Mastering the world of Pushkin lasted a lifetime. desire thorough

knowledge and penetration required literary studies and

biographical Researches . Pushkin THEMES constant Akhmatova poet :

Bakhchisarai, Sea , St. Petersburg and , of course , Tsarskoye Selo . ( !) Muse -

smuglonogaya dark armed and sister, probably because he was from him,

Tsarskoye Selo " swarthy lad ." Transmitted by Pushkin universalism , that

WORLD its responsiveness.    

Any quote Akhmatova takes a different and new meaning. Say the verse

" haze of magic mirrors " , of course, immediately raises Onegin -

" I said through a crystal ball ." BUT in a series of images of Akhmatova's poetry

Mirror acquires special importance associated with already coming from Dostoevsky

counterparts . Akhmatova boldly quotes Tyutchev , but clearly emphasizes its

image - the image of women.    

(!) Like the image of the hero image of the female heroine of Akhmatova's poetry is not

always be reduced to one person. With extraordinary specificity experiences

is not only a particular person 's destiny and biography rather a carrier

infinite set of biographies and destinies. For example , the poem "Many " :

"I am your voice , your breathing fever , / / I am the reflection of your face ."    

Akhmatova hero carries something important, native female . TRAGEDY - motive

misunderstanding , rejection lyrical addressee - male female poet :

 

 

              He spoke about the summer and how              

What a woman to be a poet - an absurdity .              

As I remember the high royal house              

And Paul Fortress !

We are faced with a constant intake Akhmatova artist :

(! ) depth psychology unit is achieved using household items,

retrieved from memory - they become familiar feelings of deep aggravation .    

" GREAT LOVE EARTH " - that motor force throughout her lyrics . namely

she made differently, see the world realistically . In one of his

poems Akhmatova called love " fifth season " . from this

unusual fifth time she seen the other four , the usual . world

opens additional reality : " After all the stars were larger Indeed

smelled different herbs . " Therefore ( !) verse Akhmatova items so he returns

primordial sense of things , it takes attention to the fact that we in the past

normal state can pass indifferently not evaluate not feel .

Love in itself carries the possibility of self-development , enrichment and expansion

limitless , global , almost cosmic . Talking item.    

( !) Poems of Akhmatova - NOT fragmentary sketches , not isolated

psychological studies : visual acuity look ACCOMPANIED thoughts .

Generalizing their great strength .     

Love in verse not only love , happiness , the more

well-being. Too often it - love- suffering , pity, kind

antilyubov and torture , painful , until the collapse of the soul break , painful,

" decadent " . In 1923 Eichenbaum , analyzing poetry

Akhmatova , noted that in the "clear " " begins to take shape

its paradoxical duality (or rather, an oxymoron ) image

heroine - not the " whore " with violent passions , not the impoverished nuns

which may beg God for forgiveness . "

Akhmatova poem even without heroes: the image and the movement of time and

experience of it , rather than stories and characters in the conventional sense . it

Repository of events and numbers as Akhmatova said ," different time layers"

(! Reading it is like music perception : it is based on the perception of rhythms ,

the ever- born associations.    

Love is almost never appears in a quiet stay. sense of self

own sharp and unusual , and gets more acute

unusual , appearing in the limiting terms of crisis - take-off or

fall , the first awakening of the meeting or committed burst

danger of death or the death of anguish . Because Akhmatova so tends to

lyrical novel .    

All the time tends to take a position that would allow maximum

reveal feelings, find the last truth. Plays an important role in her poetry

(!) motif of death ( funeral , grave , burial chambers , wounds, suicide , death

gray-eyed king, dying nature , burial entire period ) . death

interpreted in the Christian tradition and Pushkin - this feeling of oneness with

creators of the past about the present , with Russia , with its history and destiny

people. Therefore, in the poem " Late response " dedicated to the Marina

Tsvetaeva sounds :

 

 

                    We are with you today , Marina,                    

By midnight the capital go                    

And millions of us ,                    

And silent processions no                    

And around the death knell                    

Yes wild moans Moscow                    

Blizzard , our cover their tracks .

 

 

  From the very first verse came in Akhmatova's poetry is another love - to

native land, homeland, Russia.

 

 

                 I heard a voice . He called consoling ,                 

He said: " Come here,                 

Leave your deaf and sinful edge ,                 

Leave Russia forever.                 

I bled otmoyu thine hand ,                 

Pull out the black heart of shame,                 

I 'll cover the new name                 

The pain of defeat and resentment . "                 

But quietly and calmly